Table 2.
Previous Pain Treatments Ever Tried by Study Participants
| Type of Treatment | Ever Tried | How Helpful was Treatment, n (% of Ever Tried) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| n (% total) | Not at all | A little | Somewhat | Quite a Bit | Very Much | |
| 1. Medication – Prescribed, Over-the-Counter, and Illicit | ||||||
| Prescription Opioids | ||||||
| Obtained from: | ||||||
| Medical Clinician | 42 (82) | 2 (5) | 2 (5) | 12 (29) | 12 (29) | 14 (33) |
| Friend, family, or dealer | 47 (92) | 1 (2) | 3 (6) | 10 (21) | 19 (40) | 14 (30) |
| Pain management clinic | 44 (86) | 1 (14) | 0 | 0 | 4 (57) | 2 (29) |
| ER/Urgent Care | 37 (73) | 2 (5) | 4 (11) | 11 (30) | 10 (27) | 10 (27) |
| Prescription Benzodiazepine (Benzo) | ||||||
| Obtained from: | ||||||
| Medical Clinician | 5 (10) | 0 | 1 (20) | 2 (40) | 2 (40) | 0 |
| Friend, family, or dealer | 24 (47) | 3 (13) | 3 (13) | 5 (21) | 8 (33) | 5 (21) |
| Prescription Nonopioid, Non-Benzo | ||||||
| Obtained from: | ||||||
| Medical Clinician | 24 (47) | 9 (38) | 3 (13) | 8 (33) | 2 (8) | 2 (8) |
| Friend, family, or dealer | 16 (31) | 2 (13) | 4 (25) | 4 (25) | 5 (31) | 1 (6) |
| OTC Pain Reliever | 51 (100) | 7 (14) | 14 (27) | 21 (41) | 6 (12) | 3 (6) |
| Heroin | 42 (82) | 0 | 1 (2) | 2 (5) | 18 (43) | 21 (50) |
| Marijuana | 24 (47) | 2(8) | 0 | 8 (33) | 8 (33) | 5 (25) |
| 2. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments | ||||||
| Acupuncture | 20 (39) | 5 (25) | 3 (15) | 4 (20) | 4 (20) | 4 (20) |
| Mind-body Interventions | ||||||
| Prayer | 28 (55) | 8 (29) | 7 (25) | 7 (25) | 2 (7) | 4 (14) |
| Counseling | 12 (24) | 4(33) | 2(17) | 3(25) | 2(17) | 1(8) |
| Meditation | 22 (43) | 4 (33) | 2 (17) | 3 (25) | 2 (17) | 1(8) |
| Self-Help Support-Group | 3 (6) | 0 | 1(33) | 0 | 2 (67) | 0 |
| Yoga | 8 (16) | 4 (50) | 0 | 3 (38) | 1 (12) | 0 |
| Hypnosis | 2 (4) | 1 (50) | 0 | 0 | 1 (50) | 0 |
| Herbs/Herbal Medicine | 13 (25) | 3 (23) | 3 (23) | 4 (31) | 2 (15) | 1 (8) |
| Manipulative Therapies | ||||||
| Stretching | 38 (75) | 5 (13) | 11 (29) | 16 (42) | 4 (11) | 2 (5) |
| Physical Exercise | 27 (53) | 6 (22) | 6 (22) | 4 (15) | 11 (41) | 0 |
| Heat Therapy | 12 (24) | 0 | 2 (17) | 6 (50) | 1 (8) | 3 (25) |
| Massage | 20 (39) | 0 | 0 | 7 (35) | 7 (35) | 6 (30) |
| Physical Therapy | 20 (39) | 3 (15) | 3 (15) | 5 (25) | 7 (35) | 2 (10) |
| Ice Therapy | 2 (4) | 0 | 0 | 2 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Chiropractic Treatment | 21 (41) | 7 (33) | 1 (5) | 5 (24) | 5 (24) | 3 (14) |
OTC = over-the-counter.