Table 5.
Extraction of natural pigments in microalgae species
| Species | Product | Extraction/Purification method | Yield/Extraction efficiency | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorococcum sp. | Astaxanthin | Solvent system with methanol (75%) and dichloromethane (25%). French Pressure Cell (110 MPa). Solution filtration (0.45 μm). Saponification in darkness (50 mg NaOH in 100 ml methanol). | 7.09 mg/g DW | Ma and Chen (2001) |
| Haematococcus pluvialis | Astaxanthin | Acid digestion, HCL 2N, 70°C. Acetone extraction for 1 h | 87% efficiency | Sarada and colleagues (2006) |
| Dodecane mixing for 48 h. Saponification with methanolic NaOH (0.02M). Sedimentation in darkness at 4°C, 12 h. | 85% efficiency | Kang and Sim (2007) | ||
| SC-CO2 at 55 MPa and 343°K. | 77.9% efficiency | Machmudah and colleagues (2006) | ||
| Hexane : acetone : ethyl alcohol (100:70:70 %v/v). | N/A | Domínguez-Bocanegra and colleagues (2004) | ||
| DMSO (55°C), vortex 30 s | N/A | Orosa and colleagues (2005) | ||
| SC-CO2 at at 20 MPa, 60°C, 2 ml of ethanol for 1 h of extraction time | 2.45 mg/g DW | Fujii (2012) | ||
| SC-CO2 at 20 MPa, 55°C and13% (w/w) ethanol for 120 min of extraction time. | 83% recovery | Reyes and colleagues (2014) | ||
| CO2 expanded ethanol (50% %w/w ethanol), 7 MPa, 45°C, 120 min of extraction time. | 124.2% recovery | |||
| Synechococcus 833 | Allophycocyanin | Incubation of sample for 2 h at 37°C, nitrogen cavitation cycles at 1500 psi for 10 min, centrifugation for 40 min at 18 000 rpm to remove cell debris. | 85.2–87.9% DW | Viskari and Colyer (1999) |
| C-phycocyanin | ||||
| Phycoerythrin | ||||
| Limnothrix sp. | C-phycocyanin | Distilled water, activated carbon (1% w/v) and chitosan (0.01 g/L) for extraction. Ammonium sulfate (25%) was used for purification at 4°C, overnight. Precipitate was resuspended in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0) and tangential flow filtration system (30 kDa membrane pore) was used for pigment concentration. | 18% DW | Gantar and colleagues (2012) |
| Spirulina platensis | C-phycocyanin | 0.1 M PBS at pH of 6.8 and sonication at 28 KHz for extraction. Ultracentrifugation at 200 000 × g for purification | 90% purity | Furuki and colleagues (2003) |
| Allophycocyanin C-phycocyanin | 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at a ratio of 1:100 (w/v) with continuous stirring at 300 rpm at room temperature for 4 h. | N/A | Chaiklahan and colleagues (2012) | |
| Leptolyngbya sp. KC45 | Phycoerythrin | Ammonium sulfate at 85% saturation. Purification by three consecutive chromatographic steps; hydroxyapatite column eluted with 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) 0.2 M of NaCl, a Q-sepharose column and a Sephacryl S-200 HR resin. | A565/A280 = 17.3 | Pumas and colleagues (2012) |
| 1.36% yield | ||||
| Porphyridium cruentum | Phycoerythrin | Homogenization in 1 M acetic acid–sodium acetate buffer sonication for 10 min, ammonium sulfate precipitation (65% saturation) and dialysis, followed by ion exchange chromatography. | 32.7% DW | Bermejo Román and colleagues (2002) |
| Cell maceration with glass beads, simultaneous recovery and purification with a PEG-phosphate ATPS. | A565/A280 = 2.8 | Benavides and Rito-Palomares (2006) | ||
| 76% recovery | ||||
| Phormidium sp. A27DM | Phycoerythrin | Freeze-thaw cycles (− 30oC and 4oC) in 1 M Tris Cl Buffer, two-step ammonium sulfate precipitation at 20% and 70% saturation and purification by gel permeation chromatography with a Sephadex G-150 matrix. | A565/A280 = 3.9 | Parmar and colleagues (2011) |
| 62.6% yield |
DW, dry weight.