Table 1.
Summary of the protection levels and immune components elicited by immunization.
| Antigen | Immunization strategy | Adjuvant | Protection level (%) | Humoral response | Cellular response | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA vaccine | None | 39 | Prolif. IFN-γ, IL-4 | (67–69) | ||
| IL-2 | 57 | ↑IgG, IgG2a and b | ↑Prolif. ↑IFN-γ ↓IL-4 | |||
| IL-12 | 45 | ↑IgG, IgG2a and b | ↑Prolif. ↑IFN-γ ↓IL-4 | |||
| IL-4 | 44 | ↑IgG3 | Prolif. IFN-γ ↑IL-4 | |||
| GM-CSF | 42 | ↑IgG, IgG1 | Prolif. IFN-γ ↑IL-4 | |||
| Smp-80 | Prime E boost | Resiquimod (R848) | 49 | ↑IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and b, IgG3, IgA, IgM | IL-2 and IFN-γ | (70) |
| Recombinant protein | Resiquimod (R848) | 51 | ↑IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and b, IgG3, IgA, IgM | IL-2 and IFN-γ | ||
| CpG-ODN | 52.86 | IgG, IgG1, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM | ADCC AND NO production | (14, 71) | ||
| Recombinant protein | None | 25 | (22) | |||
| FA | 25 | ↑IgG2a | ||||
| Sm14 | rIL-12 | 42.2 | ↑IgG2a | Protection is dependent on IFN-γ and TNF-α production | ||
| DNA vaccine | None | 40.5 | IgG | IFN-γ by SC and BAL cells | (53) | |
| Synthetic peptides | FA + Padre | 26–36.7 | IgG1, IgG2a | IFN-γ IL-10 | (52) | |
| Sm29 | Recombinant protein | FA | 51 | IgG1, IgG2a | IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 | (73) |
| CpG-Alum | 20 | IgG, IgG1, IgG2a | IFN-γ | (74) | ||
| TSP-1 | Recombinant protein | FA | 29–38 | IgG1, IgG2a | Not reported | (59) |
| TSP-2 | Recombinant protein | FA | 53–61 | IgG1, IgG2a | Not reported | (59) |
| Alum + CpG | 25–27 | IgG, IgG1a | IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-10b | (60) | ||
| Purified protein | FA | 40–68.3 | Not reported | Eosinophils (ADCC) | (16) | |
| Sm28GST | Recombinant protein | Alum | 46 | Not significant | IL-2 and IFN-γ | (41) |
| DNA vaccine | IL-18 | 23 | Not significant | IFN-γ | (42) | |
| Sh28GST | Recombinant protein | FA | 77 (fecundity) | IgG and IgA | Not reported | (45) |
| BCG | 60 | IgG | ||||
aNo association with protection;
bproduction in response to infection and not to immunization; SC, spleen cells; BAL, broncho alveolar lavage; ↑ compared to vaccine formulation without adjuvant.