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. 2015 Mar 9;6:40. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00040

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Copyright © 2015 de Munnik, Smit, Leurs and Vischer.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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G protein-dependent signaling. Gα proteins are divided into Gα_s, Gα_i, Gα_q, and Gα_12/13 protein families that regulate different effector proteins such as AC and PLC. Effector proteins produce second messengers (e.g., cAMP) that subsequently activate transcription factors such as CRE, NFAT and SRF. AC, adenylyl cyclase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CRE, cAMP-responsive element; DAG, diacylglycerol; GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor; IP₃, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; PIP₂, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; PLCβ, phospholipase Cβ; RhoA, Ras homolog gene family A; ROCK, RhoA kinase; SRF, serum response factor.