Table 4.

Multilevel Regressions of Momentary Associations Between Changes in Activity Pacing and Subsequent (Lagged) Changes in Pain and Fatigue

Random Effects
		Pacing→Pain				Pacing→Fatigue
Covariance   Parameter	Subject	Estimate	SE	Z	p	Estimate	SE	Z	p
Intercept CS	ID	2.07	.27	7.69	<.0001	2.22	.28	8.03	<.0001
CS	ID	.08	.0003	32.74	<.0001	−0.03	.001	−32.83	<.0001
CS	DAY(ID)	.33	.04	7.90	<.0001	.21	.05	4.13	<.0001
Residual	•	1.41	.04	32.74	<.0001	2.31	.07	32.83	<.0001
Fixed Effects
		Pacing→Pain				Pacing→Fatigue
Effect		β	SE	t	p	β	SE	t	p
Intercept		3.25	.20	16.67	<.0001	3.92	.21	18.41	<.0001
Level 1 (df = 2759, 2778)
Activity Pacing		.10	.02	4.78	<.0001	.11	.03	4.61	<.0001
Level 3 (df = pain 145, fatigue 146)
WOMAC pain severity		.22	.06	3.75	.0003
BFI fatigue severity						.41	.07	5.82	<.0001
Age		.005	.02	.21	.83	−.004	.02	−.17	.87
Sex		−.02	.26	−.07	.95	.32	.26	1.20	.23
Body Mass Index		.02	.03	.78	.44	.01	.03	.59	.56
Six Minute Walk (feet)		−.0005	0.001	−.90	.37	−.001	.001	−1.05	.30
Average Activity		.002	.001	1.27	.21	.001	.001	1.13	.26
Illness Burden		.03	.03	.91	.36	.02	.04	.47	.64
CES-D		.03	.02	1.84	.07	.01	.02	.59	.56

Note. A compound symmetry matrix was used to model the error variance on the DV. Level 1 variables are person-centered. Level 3 variables are sample-centered.

ID = subject identifier. CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; WOMAC = Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; Illness Burden = # self-report health problems/symptoms, 41 possible);

^*average of all momentary self-report ratings over the study period