Table 5.

Selected publications on normal radiographic values describing the acetabular anatomy

Study	Method	Hips	Hip dysplasia	Normal hips	Pincer/protrusio
Lateral center-edge angle
Wiberg (1939) [36]	AP pelvic radiograph	200	< 20° Borderline: 20°–25°	> 25°
Fredensborg (1976) [8]	AP pelvic radiograph	40	Adults: < 20° (borderline 20°–25°) Children: < 15° (borderline 15°–20°)	Adults: > 25° Children: > 20°
Anda et al. (1986) [2] and (1991) [3]	Scout view of CT	82 and 33	13° ± 5° (3°–19°)	Male: 38° ± 5° (23–42) Female: 35° ± 6° (21–42)
Murphy et al. (1995) [20]	AP pelvic radiograph	117	7° ± 12° (−22°–28°)	34° ± 9° (16°–49°)
Kojima et al. (1998) [14]	Computer simulation and AP pelvic radiograph	146	9° ± 9°	Male: 31° ± 6° Female: 29° ± 5°
Tönnis and Heinecke (1999) [34]	AP pelvic radiograph	NA	< 20°		Deep acetabulum: 39°–44° Protrusio: > 44°
Li and Ganz (2003) [18]	AP pelvic radiograph	232	6° ± 9° (−22°–25°)
Jacobsen et al. (2005) [13]	AP pelvic radiograph	4151		Male: 35° ± 7° (10°–62°) Female: 35° ± 7° (10°–65°)
Ecker et al. (2007) [7]	AP pelvic radiograph	25		33° ± 6° (24°–47°)
Steppacher et al. (2008) [28]	AP pelvic radiograph	100	14° ± 9° (−16°–24°)		44° ± 5° (39°–59°)
Shi et al. (2010) [24]	AP pelvic radiograph	1494		Childhood: 23° (5°–46°) Adolescents: 29° (6°–48°) Adults: 33° (14°–59°)
Siebenrock et al. (2012) [25]	AP pelvic radiograph	87	10° (−13°–21°)	27° (20°–35°)	42° (24°–56°)
Lepage-Saucier et al. (2014) [16]	AP pelvic radiograph	94		Male: 35° ± 6° (22°–47°) Female: 32° ± 6° (21°–44°)
Scheidt et al. (2014) [22]	AP pelvic radiograph	164		34° ± 7° (20°–56°)
Acetabular index
Murphy et al. (1995) [20]	AP pelvic radiograph	117	25° ± 10° (6°–46°)	6° ± 6° (−5° to 15°)
Tönnis and Heinecke (1999) [34]	AP pelvic radiograph	NA	> 14°		Deep acetabulum <−5°
Li and Ganz (2003) [18]	AP pelvic radiograph	232	25° ± 10° (0°–50°)
Ecker et al. (2007) [7]	AP pelvic radiograph	25		9° ± 5° (−4° to 16°)
Steppacher et al. (2008) [28]	AP pelvic radiograph	100	21° ± 6° (14°–38°)		−1° ± 5° (−13° to 14°)
Lepage-Saucier et al. (2014) [16]	AP pelvic radiograph	94		Male: 6° ± 5° (−3° to 14°) Female: 6° ± 4° (−1° to 16°)
Scheidt et al. (2014) [22]	AP pelvic radiograph	164		2° ± 5° (−11° to 14°)
Extrusion index
Murphy et al. (1995) [20]	AP pelvic radiograph	117	36% ± 12% (15%–62%)	12% ± 8% (0%–31%)
Li and Ganz (2003) [18]	AP pelvic radiograph	232	39% ± 12% (11%–65%°)
Jacobsen et al. (2005) [13]	AP pelvic radiograph	4151		Male: 12% ± 9% (0%–45%) Female: 8% ± 7% (0%–46%)
Ecker et al. (2007) [7]	AP pelvic radiograph	25		15% ± 6% (2%–33%)
Steppacher et al. (2008) [28]	AP pelvic radiograph	100	34%° ± 7% (22%–57%)		9% ± 4% (0%–16%)
Scheidt et al. (2014) [22]	AP pelvic radiograph	164		11% ± 6% (6%–27%)
Sharp angle
Sharp (1961) [23]	AP pelvic radiograph	200		33°–38°
Jacobsen et al. (2005) [13]	AP pelvic radiograph	4151		Male: 37° ± 4° (26°–54°) Female: 39° ± 4° (24°–56°)
Scheidt et al. (2014) [22]	AP pelvic radiograph	164		39° ± 4° (28°–49°)
Crossover sign
Reynolds et al. (1999) [21]	AP pelvic radiograph	446	Negative	Negative
Posterior wall sign
Reynolds et al. (1999) [21]	AP pelvic radiograph	446	Positive	Negative
Anterior coverage
Siebenrock et al. (2012) [25]	AP pelvic radiograph	87	10% (0%–22%)	19% (7%–29%)	36% (13%–54%)
Posterior coverage
Siebenrock et al. (2012) [25]	AP pelvic radiograph	87	37% (15%–53%)	43% (32%–59%)	59% (32%–79%)
Craniocaudal coverage
Konishi et al. (1993) [15]	CT	286		Male: 79% ± 5% Female: 77% ± 6%
Steppacher et al. (2008) [28]	AP pelvic radiograph	100	63% ± 12% (32%–87%)		92% ± 6% (79%–100%)
Dandachli et al. (2013) [5]	CT	75	51% ± 7% (38%–64%)	73% ± 4% (66%–81%)

NA = not applicable.