TABLE I.

Co-Occurring Defects Among Cases With Spina Bifida, Slone Birth Defects Study, 1976–2011

	n	%		n	%
Midline defects (n = 146)			Genital defects (n = 34)
Brain reduction defects	73	50.0	Undescended testicles >37 weeks gestation	11	32.4
Imperforate anus	22	15.1	Ambiguous genitalia	10	29.4
Cloacal exstrophy	13	8.9	Cervix/vagina/clitoris anomalies	5	14.7
Orofacial clefts	12	8.2	Hypospadias ± chordee	5	14.7
Omphalocele	12	8.2	Uterus/ovary anomalies	3	8.8
Bladder exstrophy	12	8.2	Rectovaginal fistula	2	5.9
Microcephaly	9	6.2	Epispadias	2	5.9
Hypospadias/epispadias	7	4.8	Micropenis	1	2.9
Diaphragmatic hernia	7	4.8	Heart defects (n = 34)
Double outlet right venticle	4	2.7	VSD—other/NOS	15	44.1
Tracheoesophageal fistula ± esophageal atresia	4	2.7	VSD—muscular	5	14.7
OEIS	4	2.7	Double outlet right ventricle	4	11.8
Caudal regression	3	2.1	VSD—perimembranous	3	8.8
Truncus arteriosus	2	1.4	Other heart anomalies	3	8.8
Tetralogy of fallot	2	1.4	Truncus arteriosus	2	5.9
Ectopia cordis	1	0.7	Tetralogy of fallot	2	5.9
Renal defects (n = 42)			Pulmonary valve atresia/stenosis	2	5.9
Kidney agenesis (unilat.)	14	33.3	Dextrocardia	2	5.9
Horseshoe kidney	7	16.7	Other valve anomalies	2	5.9
Double collecting system	5	11.9	Double outlet left ventricle	1	2.9
Ectopic kidney	4	9.5	Ostiumprimum ASD	1	2.9
Multicystic kidney type II	3	7.1	Common AV canal	1	2.9
Kidney agenesis (NOS)	2	4.8	Aortic valve stenosis	1	2.9
Kidney dysplasia (unilat.)	1	2.4	Hypoplastic L ventricle	1	2.9
Kidney agenesis (bilat.)	1	2.4	R ventricular hypertrophy	1	2.9
Polycystic kidneys	1	2.4	Coarctation of aorta	1	2.9
Accessory kidney	1	2.4	Right aortic arch	1	2.9
Absent ureter	1	2.4	Persistent L superior vena cava	1	2.9
Absent bladder/urethra	1	2.4	Anomalous pulmonary venous return	1	2.9
Prune belly syndrome	1	2.4
Kidney dysplasia (bilat.)	1	2.4

OEIS, omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spina bifida.