Table 4.
Clinical chemistry analysis in serum of dams sacrificed at GD 10, 15, 20 and PND 23
| Control 0 ppm |
HMB dose group (ppm) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,000 | 3,000 | 10,000 | 25,000 | 50,000 | |||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | GD 10 | 129.2 ± 5.5 | 131.6 ± 16.4 | 139.3 ± 14.0 | 132.9 ± 12.4 | 132.3 ± 18.7 | 117.3 ± 9.4 |
| GD 15 | 103.9 ± 13.0 | 105.0 ± 0.5 | 112.1 ± 20.2 | 109.0 ± 7.3 | 117.8 ± 18.6 | 117.0 ± 16.9 | |
| GD 20 | 67.4 ± 16.1 | 78.6 ± 24.2 | 72.0 ± 19.5 | 99.7 ± 30.7* | 86.3 ± 18.9 | 88.4 ± 13.6 | |
| PND 23 | 87.8 ± 17.7 | 100.6 ± 23.2 | 111.9 ± 12.2 | 111.8 ± 19.7 | 136.9 ± 15.8** | 143.2 ± 10.9** | |
| Total protein (g/dL) | GD 10 | 6.5 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.3 | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.5 | 6.3 ± 0.4 |
| GD 15 | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.4 | |
| GD 20 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 0.7** | 5.7 ± 0.3 | |
| PND 23 | 6.0 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 6.1 ± 0.2 | 6.9 ± 0.8* | |
| Albumin (g/dL) | GD 10 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.2 |
| GD 15 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.2** | |
| GD 20 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.4** | 3.0 ± 0.1 | |
| PND 23 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.4* | |
| ALT (U/L) | GD 10 | 67.0 ± 10.9 | 67.5 ± 8.8 | 69.1 ± 7.3 | 79.4 ± 15.2 | 106.0 ± 19.0** | 110.0 ± 27.1** |
| GD 15 | 68.6 ± 9.8 | 70.7 ± 6.9 | 67.0 ± 15.9 | 86.5 ± 7.3 | 111.0 ± 22.1** | 124.0 ± 30.1*** | |
| GD 20 | 63.9 ± 8.7 | 62.4 ± 4.9 | 64.5 ± 11.3 | 63.7 ± 18.5 | 94.0 ± 30.5* | 111.0 ±16.9*** | |
| PND 23 | 148.3 ± 45.0 | 164.2 ± 35.5 | 176.0 ± 38.1 | 231 ± 64.7* | 270.0 ± 52.1** | 241.0 ± 66.1* | |
| AST (U/L) | GD 10 | 77.3 ± 5.1 | 80.9 ± 7.5 | 81.7 ± 4.5 | 92.0 ± 16.8 | 93.0 ± 16.7 | 92.0 ± 10.2 |
| GD 15 | 77.7 ± 10.1 | 77.3 ± 6.3 | 83.7 ± 13.5 | 81.5 ± 4.9 | 86.0 ± 13.7 | 85.0 ± 10.5 | |
| GD 20 | 79.4 ± 30.4 | 76.8 ± 18.9 | 70.6 ± 10.1 | 134.3 ± 95.1 | 67.0 ± 11.3 | 66 ± 10.9 | |
| PND 23 | 160.0 ± 22.8 | 158.4 ± 28.8 | 157.1 ± 19.9 | 158 ± 20.3 | 134.0 ± 18.6 | 109.0 ± 17.7** | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | GD 10 | 99.2 ± 8.8 | 99.3 ± 13.0 | 108.3 ± 11.6 | 105.3 ± 6.9 | 107.0 ± 19.8 | 102.0 ± 20.0 |
| GD 15 | 82.1 ± 8.8 | 87.0 ± 12.7 | 87.6 ± 10.0 | 76.5 ± 13.0 | 73.0 ± 7.3 | 61.0 ± 17.1** | |
| GD 20 | 112.0 ± 10.1 | 118.0 ± 12.9 | 123.3 ± 8.9 | 124.9 ± 20.4 | 108.0 ± 14.5 | 100.0 ± 19.2 | |
| PND 23 | 67.5 ± 24.8 | 83.6 ± 43.9 | 65.6 ± 21.7 | 91 ± 35.6 | 88.0 ± 26.8 | 114.0 ± 27.0* | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | GD 10 | 75.7 ± 23.1 | 83.1 ± 20.2 | 72.0 ± 13.9 | 67.9 ± 14.5 | 92.0 ± 23.3 | 71.0 ± 22.8 |
| GD 15 | 113.9 ± 25.0 | 145.4 ± 51.3 | 94.9 ± 27.8 | 143.0 ± 49.0 | 84.0 ± 8.3 | 82.0 ± 24.6 | |
| GD 20 | 344.0 ± 106.8 | 355.2 ± 193.6 | 289.9 ± 90.6 | 261.6 ± 110.9 | 313.0 ± 122.1 | 472.0 ± 92.2 | |
| PND 23 | 34.8 ± 21.2 | 46.4 ± 18.6 | 35.1 ± 18.6 | 32 ± 11.5 | 26.0 ± 15.0 | 36.0 ± 32.5 | |
| BUN (mg/dL) | GD 10 | 20.8 ± 2.8 | 19.6 ± 3.5 | 20.3 ± 3.5 | 19.6 ± 2.8 | 19.0 ± 2.9 | 17.0 ± 3.4 |
| GD 15 | 18.3 ± 3.3 | 20.7 ± 1.5 | 17.6 ± 2.9 | 20.0 ± 3.6 | 23.0 ± 3.5 | 20.0 ± 4.9 | |
| GD 20 | 17.9 ± 2.1 | 18.0 ± 1.9 | 17.4 ± 1.7 | 17.6 ± 3.1 | 20.0 ± 4.5 | 19.0 ± 1.2 | |
| PND 23 | 58.0 ± 21.6 | 40.6 ± 12.2 | 41.6 ± 11.3 | 45.0 ± 15.6 | 38.0 ± 6.8 | 36.0 ± 11.3* | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | GD 10 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| GD 15 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1* | |
| GD 20 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1* | |
| PND 23 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1** | 0.4 ± 0.1* | |
| ALP (U/L) | GD 10 | 198.0 ± 22.9 | 192.3 ± 33.4 | 223.0 ± 54.0 | 270.1 ± 61.2* | 308.0 ± 25.4** | 268.0 ± 58.9* |
| GD 15 | 164.7 ± 24.6 | 190.9 ± 18.1 | 158.3 ± 28.3 | 234.3 ± 34.9* | 301.0 ± 44.4*** | 305.0 ± 82.3** | |
| GD 20 | 94.7 ± 14.0 | 109.0 ± 25.2 | 101.6 ± 24.8 | 164.6 ± 50.8* | 168.0 ± 54.8* | 211.0 ± 59.8*** | |
| PND 23 | 262.0 ±182.7 | 291.4 ± 130.4 | 452.4 ± 290.2 | 658.0 ± 306.8* | 846 ± 269.8** | 772 ± 327.0* | |
| Total bile acids (TBA) (μmol/L) | GD 10 | 53.9 ± 33.6 | 63.3 ± 21.6 | 57.9 ± 29.4 | 11.97 ± 37.5 | 164.0 ± 71.0** | 142.0 ± 83.1* |
| GD 15 | 63.4 ± 33.2 | 62.1 ± 32.9 | 67.4 ± 25.7 | 91.4 ± 43.0 | 165.0 ± 64.6* | 207.0 ± 106.6*** | |
| GD 20 | 60.0 ± 32.0 | 79.8 ± 61.3 | 71.3 ± 42.4 | 104.1 ± 109.5 | 102.0 ± 45.4 | 161.0 ± 49.2* | |
| PND 23 | 111.4 ± 125.2 | 93.2 ± 50.9 | 60.0 ± 14.9 | 130.0 ± 72.4 | 329.0 ± 137.5** | 380.0 ± 147.2*** | |
| Inorganic (I) phosphorus (mg/dL) | GD 10 | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 7.3 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 1.4 | 8.0 ± 1.0 |
| GD 15 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 8.0 ± 1.0 | 8.2 ± 0.8 | 8.0 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 0.9 | |
| GD 20 | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 7.3 ± 0.7 | 7.6 ± 0.6 | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 8.0 ± 1.1 | |
| PND 23 | 9.9 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 2.1 | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 10.0 ± 1.1 | 10.0 ± 1.6 | |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | GD 10 | 10.3 ± 0.5 | 10.6 ± 0.2 | 10.4 ± 0.7 | 10.4 ± 0.4 | 11.0 ± 0.6 | 11.0 ± 0.7 |
| GD 15 | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 11.0 ± 0.2 | 11.0 ± 0.5 | |
| GD 20 | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 10.2 ± 0.3 | 10.2 ± 0.4 | 10.3 ± 0.5 | 11.0 ± 0.7 | 11.0 ± 0.5 | |
| PND 23 | 9.7 ± 0.8 | 10.1 ± 0.9 | 9.8 ± 0.9 | 10.0 ± 0.6 | 11.0 ± 0.5 | 11.0 ± 0.5 | |
| Sorbitol dehydrogenase (U/L) | GD 10 | 18.0 ± 6.7 | 21.8 ± 11.0 | 22.5 ± 7.2 | 19.5 ± 6.5 | 25.0 ± 11.6 | 23.0 ± 4.0 |
| GD 15 | 20.8 ± 8.6 | 25.6 ± 13.6 | 27.3 ± 14.2 | 23.9 ± 15.1 | 25.0 ± 17.5 | 22.0 ± 13.8 | |
| GD 20 | 25.9 ± 11.8 | 26.9 ± 8.9 | 33.7 ± 11.1 | 26.6 ± 13.3 | 28.0 ± 17.9 | 22.0 ± 7.1 | |
| PND 23 | 34.0 ± 10.8 | 20.7 ± 13.4 | 30.2 ± 13.6 | 27.0 ± 6.8 | 22.0 ± 10.0 | 19.0 ± 7.1 | |
| N | GD 10 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 |
| GD 15 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 8 | |
| GD 20 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | |
| PND 23 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | |
Values are mean ± SD excluding non-pregnant animals. GD: gestation day; N: samples number.
*
p ≤ 0.05 compared to the control (0 ppm) group.
**
p ≤ 0.01 compared to the control (0 ppm) group.
***
p ≤ 0.005 compared to the control (0 ppm) group.