Table 1. Characteristics of respondents (N = 1,546).

	n	%		n	%
Gender			Company size
Male	809	52.3	<50	419	27.1
Female	737	47.7	50–299	367	23.8
Age group			300–999	225	14.6
>50	425	27.5	>999	427	27.6
40–49	441	28.5	Civil service	108	7.0
30–39	435	28.1	Establishment size
<30	245	15.8	<50	840	54.3
Education			50–299	457	29.6
University/graduate school graduate	431	27.9	300–999	139	9.0
Vocational school/college graduate	424	27.4	>999	110	7.1
High school graduate	611	39.5	Industrial groups
Junior high school graduate	80	5.2	Tertiary sector †
Household income (yen per year)			Telecommunication	55	3.6
>9.99 million	157	10.2	Transport	76	8.5
7.5–9.99 million	250	16.2	Wholesale and retail trade	164	10.6
5.0–7.49 million	416	26.9	Finance and insurance	74	4.8
2.5–4.99 million	469	30.3	Letting and sale of real estate	10	0.6
<2.5 million	126	8.2	Research study and consulting business	18	1.2
Unknown	128	8.3	Hotels, restaurants and entertainment	64	4.1
Subjective socioeconomic status (SSS)			Education and learning assistance	66	4.3
Upper/upper middle (7–10)	227	14.7	Healthcare and welfare	212	13.7
Middle (5–6)	733	47.4	Other service industries	151	9.6
Lower middle (3–4)	461	29.8	Public administration	100	6.5
Lower (1–2)	125	8.1	Others	102	6.6
Occupations			Secondary sector
Managers	151	9.8	Construction	99	6.4
Non-manual workers	803	51.9	Manufacturing	313	20.2
Service workers	155	10.0	Electricity, gas and water supply	32	2.1
Manual workers	302	19.5	Primary sector
Others	135	8.7	Agriculture, forestry and fishing	8	0.5
Employment contract			Mining and quarrying	2	0.1
Permanent	1,014	65.6
Temporary employees	36	2.3	Workplace bullying
Contract employees	94	6.1	Victims	94	6.1
Part-time workers	350	22.6	Bystanders	229	14.8
Owner/executive officer/others	52	3.4

† Primary, secondary and tertiary sector were categorized according to Clark, 1940.