Table 5.
Weighted mean effect sizes for cognitive domain.
| Cognitive domain | k | Fixed effect model |
Random effect model |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size (SE) | 95% CI | z | Q | Effect size (SE) | 95% CI | z | Q | ||
| Cross-sectional studies | |||||||||
| Attention | 107 | −0.13 (0.02)* | −0.18 to −0.09 | −6.22 | 313.21* | −0.16 (0.05)* | −0.25 to −0.07 | −3.49 | 74.93 |
| Executive function | 83 | −0.16 (0.02)* | −0.21 to −0.12 | −7.45 | 324.25* | −0.19 (0.05)* | −0.30 to −0.09 | −3.72 | 62.57 |
| Language | 17 | −0.04 (0.06) | −0.16 to 0.08 | −0.60 | 42.25* | −0.08 (0.12) | −0.31 to 0.16 | −0.64 | 14.68 |
| Long-term memory | 121 | −0.08 (0.02)* | −0.12 to −0.04 | −4.10 | 766.84* | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.13 to 0.05 | −0.88 | 296.99* |
| Motor function | 34 | −0.11 (0.03)* | −0.17 to −0.05 | −3.45 | 147.77* | −0.16 (0.08)* | −0.32 to −0.00 | −1.98 | 55.54* |
| Processing speed | 32 | −0.23 (0.03)* | −0.29 to −0.16 | −7.10 | 116.46* | −0.25 (0.08)* | −0.41 to −0.09 | −3.04 | 19.41 |
| Short-term memory | 93 | −0.11 (0.02)* | −0.15 to −0.07 | −5.64 | 701.65* | −0.15 (0.05)* | −0.25 to −0.05 | −3.04 | 296.20* |
| Visuospatial function | 22 | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.11 to 0.07 | −0.48 | 80.98* | −0.06 (0.10) | −0.26 to 0.14 | −0.55 | 28.02 |
| Q total (df = 509) | 2519.48* | Q total (df = 509) | 857.64* | ||||||
| Q within (df = 501) | 2493.41* | Q within (df = 501) | 848.35* | ||||||
| Q between (df = 7) | 26.08* | Q between (df = 7) | 9.29 | ||||||
| Prospective longitudinal studies | |||||||||
| Attention | 52 | 0.12* (0.02) | 0.07 to 0.17 | 4.88 | 60.53 | 0.12 (0.06) | −0.00 to 0.24 | 1.93 | 11.98 |
| Executive function | 37 | 0.08* (0.03) | 0.02 to 0.13 | 2.56 | 58.83* | 0.08 (0.07) | −0.06 to 0.28 | 1.11 | 10.17 |
| Language | 8 | 0.31* (0.08) | 0.16 to 0.47 | 3.91 | 15.69* | 0.26 (0.17) | −0.07 to 0.59 | 1.57 | 2.92 |
| Long-term memory | 55 | 0.22* (0.03) | 0.17 to 0.28 | 8.29 | 333.63* | 0.41* (0.06) | 0.28 to 0.54 | 6.38 | 162.97* |
| Motor function | 9 | −0.10 (0.07) | −0.23 to 0.04 | −1.44 | 33.68* | −0.00 (0.16) | −0.37 to 0.24 | −0.41 | 6.38 |
| Processing speed | 7 | 0.14* (0.07) | 0.01 to 0.28 | 2.12 | 7.19 | 0.12 (0.17) | −0.21 to 0.45 | 0.73 | 1.37 |
| Short-term memory | 51 | 0.06* (0.03) | 0.01 to 0.12 | 2.22 | 482.73* | 0.08 (0.07) | −0.05 to 0.22 | 1.24 | 340.84* |
| Visuospatial function | 9 | −0.18* (0.07) | −0.31 to −0.04 | −2.53 | 164.60* | −0.29 (0.16) | −0.60 to 0.18 | −1.85 | 50.41* |
| Q total (df = 228) | 1212.07* | Q total (df = 228) | 615.63* | ||||||
| Q within (df = 220) | 1156.89* | Q within (df = 220) | 587.04* | ||||||
| Q Between (df = 7) | 55.18* | Q between (df = 7) | 28.59* | ||||||
*p < 0.05.