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. 2015 Mar 31;5(3):e535. doi: 10.1038/tp.2015.24

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Copyright © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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A set of bar graphs showing the measures of anxiety-like behavior by home-cage emergence (a) and open-field (b) tests, food motivation by food intake test (c), measures of anhedonia by sucrose intake test (d) and the forced-swim behavior test (e–g) after HFS in the CUS rat model of depression. Animals were similarly stimulated and tested as in the naive animal experiment. Note: HFS of the vmPFC, NAc core, and the LHb reduced anxiety-like behavior in the home-cage emergence test. However, in the open-field and sucrose intake tests, vmPFC HFS, but not other DBS targets, significantly increased time spent of rats in the open-field center zone and increased sucrose intake, indicating anxiolytic and alleviation of anhedonic-like behavior as compared with CUS sham rats. Finally, both the LHb and vmPFC HFS reduced forced-swim immobility. Data represent means±s.e.m. Significant difference from the CUS sham animals, ^*P<0.05; significant difference from the non-CUS control animals, ^#P<0.05. CUS, chronic unpredictable stress; DBS, deep brain stimulation; HFS, high-frequency stimulation; LHb, lateral habenular nucleus; NAc, nucleus accumbens; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex.