Table 1. Effects of vmPFC HFS on c-Fos-ir expression in brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of depression.
| Brain regions | Subregion |
HFS vmPFC (CUS) |
SHAM (CUS) |
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | ±SEM | Mean | ±SEM | |||
| Frontal cortex | Cg1 | 162.90 | 71.98 | 78.67 | 21.85 | P=0.475 |
| Cg 2 | 162.09 | 92.83 | 52.07 | 14.79 | P=0.253 | |
| VO | 380.93 | 87.34 | 382.16 | 102.36 | P=0.993 | |
| LO | 449.34 | 75.89 | 345.48 | 147.13 | P=0.525 | |
| PrL | 267.64 | 109.68 | 94.11 | 18.07 | P=0.032 | |
| IL | 146.35 | 85.79 | 87.22 | 25.37 | P=0.571 | |
| Nucleus accumbens | NAc core | 80.57 | 44.03 | 36.13 | 10.99 | P=0.475 |
| NAc shell | 106.16 | 63.94 | 53.73 | 12.60 | P=0.775 | |
| Habenula | MHb | 3.93 | 0.93 | 6.07 | 3.41 | P=0.584 |
| LHb | 68.94 | 18.24 | 15.87 | 9.62 | P=0.042 | |
| Hippocampus | CA1 | 199.25 | 52.31 | 50.78 | 24.37 | P=0.028 |
| CA3 | 146.70 | 25.19 | 59.25 | 24.60 | P=0.032 | |
| DG | 200.23 | 42.12 | 196.32 | 77.25 | P=0.964 | |
| Amygdala | MeA | 153.95 | 31.92 | 140.90 | 16.88 | P=0.725 |
| CeA | 108.66 | 25.90 | 56.48 | 15.39 | P=0.114 | |
| LA | 168.26 | 24.94 | 78.35 | 20.74 | P=0.020 | |
| BLA | 113.93 | 12.61 | 76.02 | 10.97 | P=0.047 | |
| Hypothalamus | DMH | 284.27 | 43.68 | 174.60 | 18.40 | P=0.049 |
| PeFLH | 205.34 | 25.82 | 161.05 | 6.83 | P=0.164 | |
| AH | 100.23 | 18.96 | 34.36 | 7.02 | P=0.012 | |
| PH | 264.27 | 27.73 | 191.70 | 36.94 | P=0.147 | |
| VMH | 148.86 | 26.46 | 118.81 | 26.40 | P=0.440 | |
| PaMP | 157.11 | 35.45 | 52.53 | 12.22 | P=0.030 | |
| PaLM | 195.39 | 45.09 | 107.26 | 47.09 | P=0.228 | |
| Anterior periaqueductal gray | dmPAG | 78.26 | 9.30 | 67.60 | 18.23 | P=0.597 |
| dlPAG | 92.36 | 15.25 | 73.42 | 19.93 | P=0.459 | |
| lPAG | 154.58 | 19.20 | 119.19 | 24.57 | P=0.274 | |
| vlPAG | 127.01 | 19.51 | 114.97 | 38.24 | P=0.775 | |
| Posterior periaqueductal gray | dmPAG | 136.07 | 14.06 | 116.16 | 21.82 | P=0.446 |
| dlPAG | 111.43 | 12.95 | 110.03 | 22.74 | P=0.956 | |
| lPAG | 142.78 | 11.66 | 146.59 | 27.23 | P=0.894 | |
| vlPAG | 153.17 | 15.65 | 171.02 | 28.34 | P=0.578 | |
| Deep cerebellar nuclei | Dent | 92.03 | 13.79 | 107.68 | 3.76 | P=0.265 |
| IntMC | 81.56 | 6.05 | 118.03 | 12.95 | P=0.049 | |
| IntPC | 113.39 | 28.10 | 126.04 | 13.37 | P=0.678 | |
| Fast | 44.39 | 11.87 | 59.85 | 6.66 | P=0.263 | |
| Vestibular nuclei | MVePC | 20.70 | 3.38 | 26.00 | 4.65 | P=0.391 |
| MVeMC | 25.40 | 4.45 | 30.53 | 4.58 | P=0.442 | |
| SpVe | 60.85 | 7.95 | 68.80 | 4.00 | P=0.370 | |
| Dorsal raphe nucleus | DRD | 34.11 | 4.94 | 21.74 | 2.06 | P=0.034 |
| DRV | 18.80 | 5.28 | 17.03 | 3.39 | P=0.686 | |
| DRVL | 41.86 | 2.49 | 23.07 | 1.22 | P=0.001 | |
Abbreviations: AH, anterior hypothalamus; BLA, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus; CA1, hippocampal CA1 field; CA3, hippocampal CA3 field; CeA, central amygdaloid nucleus; Cg1, dorsal cingulate cortex area 1; Cg2, dorsal cingulate cortex area 2; Dent, dentate nucleus of cerebellum; DG, dentate gyrus; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus; dlPAG, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray; dmPAG, dorsomedial periaqueductal gray; DRD, dorsal raphe nucleus, dorsal part; DRV, dorsal raphe nucleus, ventral part; DRVL, dorsal raphe nucleus, ventrolateral part; Fast, fastigial cerebellar nucleus; IL, infralimbic cortex; IntMC, interposed cebebellar nucleus, magnocelluar part; IntPC, interposed cebebellar nucleus, parvicelluar part; LA, lateral amygdaloid nucleus; LHb, lateral habenular nucleus; LO, lateral orbital cortex; lPAG, lateral periaqueductal gray; MeA, medial amygdaloid nucleus; MHb, medial habenular nucleus; MVeMC, medial vestibular nucleus, magnocellular part; MVePC, medial vestibular nucleus, parvicellular part; NAc core, nucleus accumbens core; NAc shell, nucleus accumbens shell; PaLM, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral magnocellular; PaMP, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, medial parvicellular; PeFLH, perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus; PH, posterior hypothalamus; PrL, prelimbic cortex; SpVe, spinal vestibular nucleus; vlPAG, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus; VO, ventral orbital cortex. Before being killed, animals received 1 h stimulation and 1 h interval in their home-cage to determine the peak level of nuclear protein c-Fos-ir expression. Note, a remarkable increase of c-Fos neuronal activation was detected in the vmPFC (PrL), LHb, hippocampus (CA1, CA3), amygdala (LA, BLA), hypothalamus (DMH, AH, PaMP) and DRN (DRD, DRVL). Interestingly, there was a decrease of c-Fos expression found in the deep cerebellar nucleus (IntMC). Data represent means±s.e.m. of c-Fos-ir cells per mm2. P-value o0.05 (in bold) indicates statistically significant difference from the Sham CUS animals.