Table 1.

Studies on kidney diseases using siRNAs

Investigators	Model	Modification	Transfection	Delivery	Target gene	Pathway	Reference
Yang et al.	Porcine LLC-PK1	-	Cationic lipid	In vitro	Caspase-3	Apoptosis	[25]
Yang et al.	Porcine	-	UW solution	Ex vivo, renal artery injection and autologous blood perfusate	Caspase-3	Apoptosis	[22]
Yang et al.	Porcine	-	UW solution	In vivo, renal artery injection	Caspase-3	Apoptosis	[14]
Yang et al.	Porcine	LNA	UW solution	In vivo, renal artery injection and systemically iv.	Caspase-3	Apoptosis	[18]
Liu et al.	Mice	-	Plasmid	In vivo, hydrodynamic injection iv.	TLR9	Innate immunity	[48]
Hamar et al.	Mice	2’-O-ACE-RNA phosphoramidites	Phosphate buffered saline	In vivo, hydrodynamic injection iv.	Fas	Apoptosis	[28]
Wan et al.	Rats	-	Phosphate buffered saline	In vivo, renal artery injection	IKKβ	Inflammation	[27]
Xia et al.	Mice	-	Cationized gelatin microspheres	In vivo, injected via ureter	HSP47	collagen-producing, fibrosis	[29]
Molitoris et al.	Rats	2’O-methylation	Lipofectamine 2000	In vivo, iv.	p53	Apoptosis	[37]
Zheng et al.	Mice	-	Lipofectamine 2000	In vivo, hydrodynamic injection iv.	Complement 3 and caspases-3	Complement and apoptosis	[38]
Shimizu et al.	Mice	-	Nanocarrier complexation	In vivo, ip.	MAPK1	Immunity	[49]
Shang et al.	ACHN, A498 RCC cells	-	Lipofectamine 2000	In vitro	HIF-1α, HIF-2α	Tumorigenesis	[53]
Juengel et al.	Caki-1 RCC cells	-	Transfection reagent supplied by Qiagen	In vitro	HDAC1, HDAC2	Acetylation	[54]
Fujino et al.	Mice	-	Cationic lipid	In vivo, renal artery injection	p53	Apoptosis	[46]

UW: University of Wisconsin; TLR: toll-like receptor; siSTABLE: stability-enhanced siRNA; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; MAPK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; HIF: hypoxia induced factor; HDAC: histone deacetylases.