Table 1.
Dietary assessment and dietary fat intakes in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium*
| Cohort | Country | n | Dietary assessment method | Total fat % energy |
Saturated fat % energy |
Polyunsaturated fatty acid % energy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Family Heart Study |
USA USA |
2,980 9,189 |
Interviewer-administered 66-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) modified from the Willett 61-item FFQ. Participants were asked to indicate average consumption over the past year, with 9 frequency categories, from never or <1 time per month to ≥6 times per day. Standard portion sizes were given as a reference. |
33.2 ± 6.8 30.5 ± 7.5 |
12.2 ± 3.1 11.2 ± 3.2 |
5.1 ± 1.5 4.5 ± 1.4 |
| Cardiovascular Health Study |
USA | 3,222 | Self-administered 99-item picture-sort version of the National Cancer Institute FFQ in 1989–90 and the 131-item Willett FFQ in 1992–93. Participants were asked to indicate average consumption over the past year, with 9 frequency categories, from never to ≥5 times per week (picture sort) or <1 time per month to ≥6 times per day (Willett FFQ). |
32.3 ± 6.0 | 10.3 ± 2.2 | 7.4 ± 2.2 |
| European Prospective Investigation of Cancer Norfolk Fenland |
UK | 2,353 | Self-administered 130-item FFQ with lists of foods from the average British diet. Participants were asked to indicate average consumption over the past year, with 9 frequency categories, from never or <1 per month to ≥6 times per day. Portion sizes were specified. Intakes were estimated in grams per day. |
32.3 ± 5.7 33.3 ± 5.9 |
12.3 ± 3.2 12.3 ± 3.2 |
6.2 ± 2.0 6.5 ± 1.8 |
| Framingham Heart Study Nurses Health Study |
USA USA |
6,374 3,065 |
Self-administered 126-item Willett FFQ. Participants were asked to indicate average consumption over the past year, with 9 frequency categories, from never or <1 per month to ≥6 times per day. Portion sizes were specified. |
28.4 ± 6.1 33.2 ± 5.6 |
11.0 ± 3.0 11.8 ± 2.5 |
5.8 ± 1.6 6.3 ± 1.6 |
| Genetics of Lipid- Lowering Drugs and Diet Network |
USA | 1,120 | Interviewer-administered NCI 124-item Diet History Questionnaire with questions for portion size. |
35.5 ± 6.7 | 11.9 ± 2.7 | 7.6 ± 2.1 |
| Health, Aging, and Body Composition |
USA | 1,499 | Interviewer-administered 108-item Block FFQ. Participants were asked to indicate average consumption over the past year, with 9 frequency categories, from never to every day. Portion size was estimated using wood blocks, food models, standard kitchen measures, and flashcards. |
32.9 ± 7.6 | 9.4 ± 2.5 | 8.7 ± 2.8 |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study |
USA | 2,326 | Self-administered 131-item Willett FFQ. Participants were asked to indicate average consumption over the past year, with 9 frequency categories, from never or <1 time per month to ≥6 times per day. Standard portion sizes were given as a reference. |
32.8 ± 6.4 | 11.3 ± 2.8 | 6.1 ± 1.6 |
| Invecchiare in Chianti (Aging in the Chianti Area) |
Italy | 1,100 | Interviewer-administered 236-item FFQ. Participants were asked to specify the size of the portion usually consumed in comparison to a range of portions shown in colored photographs. |
31.0 ± 5.1 | 10.4 ± 2.2 | 3.4 ± 0.7 |
| Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis |
USA | 2,289 | Self-administered 120-item Block FFQ, modified to include ethnic-specific foods. |
33.4 ± 7.2 | 11.0 ± 3.3 | 7.0 ± 2.0 |
| Rotterdam Study | Netherlands | 4,576 |
|
36.3 ± 6.1 | 14.4 ± 3.2 | 6.9 ± 1.1 |
| Young Finns Study |
Finland | 1,762 | Modified 131-item FFQ developed by the Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare. |
32.8 ± 4.8 | 11.8 ± 2.4 | 5.3 ± 1.1 |
*
Adapted from (96).