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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Methods. 2014 Dec 16;75:3–12. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.008

Figure 1. An overview of the autophagy pathway in S. cerevisiae.

Figure 1

Shown is a schematic overview of each of the four key stages of autophagy: induction and nucleation of the phagophore, expansion of the phagophore and closure to form the autophagosome, autophagosome-vacuole fusion, and cargo degradation and efflux. Prior to the elongation of the phagophore membrane, Atg8 is converted to its lipidated form, Atg8–PE following a series of proteolytic events involving the Atg8 conjugation system (Atg3, Atg4, Atg7, and Atg8). The Atg12 ubiquitin-like conjugation system (Atg5, Atg7, Atg10, Atg12, and Atg16) is also required for membrane elongation.