Table 2.
TPOCS-RS Item Descriptions and Interrater Reliability
| TPOCS-RS Item Description | ICC |
|---|---|
| Cognitive Subscale | 0.94 |
| General Cognitive Focus: Extent to which a therapist uses cognitive interventions in a session. | 0.92 |
| Cognitive Education: Teaches cognitive model/Identifies how the cognitive model applies to an aspect of the client’s life. | 0.88 |
| Cognitive Distortion: Teaches/encourages client to identify/restructure cognitive distortions. | 0.93 |
| Coping Skills: Teaches/encourages client to use coping skills (e.g., problem-solving skills). | 0.90 |
| Behavioral Subscale | 0.94 |
| General Behavioral Focus: Extent to which the therapist employs behavioral interventions. | 0.92 |
| Functional Analysis of Behavior: Performs functional analysis/teaches A-B-C model. | 0.29 |
| Relaxation Interventions: Teaches/encourages client to use relaxation. | 0.96 |
| Respondent Interventions: Develops a fear hierarchy and/or performs an exposure. | 0.95 |
| Operant Strategies: Teaches principles of operant interventions, sets up operant system, or employs operant intervention. | 0.84 |
| Skill Building: Interventions that focus on building behavioral skills (e.g., social skills). | 0.86 |
| Behavioral Activation: Teaches/demonstrates relation between pleasant activities and mood improvement or assigns participation in a pleasant event to improve mood. | 0.00 |
| Monitoring: The therapist elicits measurements of a client’s mood, functioning, or experience, or encourages a client to monitor his/her mood. | 0.87 |
| Modeling: Teaches specific skills using observational learning methods. | 0.80 |
| Psychodynamic Subscale | 0.74 |
| Psychodynamic Focus: Extent to which the therapist employs psychodynamic interventions. | 0.76 |
| Addresses Transference: Discusses or interprets the client’s interaction with the therapist. | 0.71 |
| Explores Past: Discusses client’s past experiences. | 0.63 |
| Addressing Client Resistance: Identifies/processes client’s resistance to therapy and/or resistance to change. | 0.63 |
| Interpretation: Comments on client behavior and/or relates that behavior to an aspect of the client’s characteristics, general functioning, and/or past experiences. | 0.73 |
| Family Subscale | 0.94 |
| General Family Focus: Extent to which the therapist employs family interventions in a session. | 0.94 |
| Targets Other Participants: Participants other than the target child are asked to modify their affect, behavior, cognitions. | 0.95 |
| Recruits Others: Tries to recruit/retain parents and other family members for future sessions. | 0.54 |
| Parenting Style: Helps and/or encourages parents to modify their parenting practices. | 0.71 |
| Multiparticipant Interactions: Establishes/teaches/discusses in-session interactions. | 0.87 |
| Family Members’ Roles: Therapist teaches or emphasizes how problems may be caused/maintained by family dynamics. | 0.82 |
| Client-Centered Subscale | 0.72 |
| General Client-Centered Focus: Extent to which the therapist validates client’s feelings or elicits client’s perspective. | 0.62 |
| Validates Client: Validates client’s feelings and/or treatment goals. | 0.64 |
| Positive Regard: Responds to client in warm and compassionate manner. | 0.77 |
| Client Perspective: Attempts to understand client’s point of view/Probes for client’s unique perspective. | 0.63 |
| General Items | |
| Rehearsal: Encourages client to participate in hypothetical enactments. | 0.86 |
| Homework: Assigns and/or reviews homework assignments. | 0.87 |
| Play/Art Therapy: Therapist utilizes play or art as a form of therapy. | 0.83 |
| Encourages Affect: Discusses affect and/or encourages client to express affect. | 0.72 |
| Session Goals: Establishes/reviews session goals. | 0.66 |
| Treatment Goals: Establish treatment goals/Encourage client to discuss treatment goals. | 0.82 |
| Previous Themes: Comments on themes from previous sessions/builds on past successes. | 0.60 |
| Psychoeducation: Teaches client about general psychological principles (e.g., anxiety). | 0.84 |
| Questioning: Therapist asks about general topics. | 0.72 |
| Self-Disclosure: Therapist provides information about his/her personal life, feelings, experiences. | 0.80 |
| Advice: Therapist provides the client with precise instructions on how to address a specific issue. | 0.68 |
| Coaching: Therapist makes efforts to actively direct the client as they practice a specific skill. | 0.88 |
| Assessment: Therapist gathers data about psychiatric, social, academic, or medical problems. | 0.69 |
Note. TPOCS-RS = The Therapy Process Observational Coding System for Child Psychotherapy – Revised Strategies Scale; ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient.