Table 1.

Overall effects^* of the duration of the pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive life history stages (independent variables) on the different simulation outcomes (dependent variables) for different defector incentives (b)

Dependent Variable	Independent Variables	b = 1.1	b = 1.3	b = 1.5
Proportion of cooperators at the end of simulation	Pre-reproductive stage	β = 0.06, p < 0.001	β = −0.004, p = 0.426	β = −0.20, p < 0.001
	Reproductive stage	β = 0.27, p = 0.002	β = 0.27, p < 0.001	β = 0.05, p < 0.001
	Post-reproductive stage	β = −0.16, p < 0.001	β = −0.06, p < 0.001	β = 0.54, p < 0.001
Time to fixation of cooperators	Pre-reproductive stage	β = 0.58, p < 0.001	β = 0.21, p < 0.001	β = 0.38, p < 0.001
	Reproductive stage	β = −0.42, p < 0.001	β = 0.12, p < 0.001	β = 0.32, p < 0.001
	Post-reproductive stage	β = −0.30, p < 0.001	β = −0.61, p < 0.001	β = −0.72, p < 0.001
Cooperation score	Pre-reproductive stage	β = 0.02, p = 0.004	β = −0.10, p < 0.001	β = −0.29, p < 0.001
	Reproductive stage	β = 0.30, p < 0.001	β = 0.22, p < 0.001	β = 0.05, p < 0.001
	Post-reproductive stage	β = −0.14, p < 0.001	β = 0.21, p < 0.001	β = 0.44, p < 0.001
Population size	Pre-reproductive stage	β = 0.28, p < 0.001	β = 0.28, p < 0.001	β = 0.28, p < 0.001
	Reproductive stage	β = 0.79, p < 0.001	β = 0.79, p < 0.001	β = 0.79, p < 0.001
	Post-reproductive stage	β = 0.20, p < 0.001	β = 0.20, p < 0.001	β = 0.20, p < 0.001

^*Multiple regression analysis, standardized regression coefficient β and significance value p are given.