Table 2.

Overall effects^* of the total duration of life and proportion of time spent in the reproductive stage (independent variables) on the different simulation outcomes (dependent variables) for different defector incentives (b)

Dependent Variable	Independent Variables	b = 1.1	b = 1.3	b = 1.5
Proportion of cooperators at the end of simulation	Duration of life	β = 0.16, p < 0.001	β = 0.18, p < 0.001	β = 0.21, p < 0.001
	Proportion of reproductive stage	β = 0.29, p = 0.002	β = 0.27, p < 0.001	β = −0.07, p < 0.001
Time to fixation of cooperators	Duration of life	β = −0.22, p < 0.001	β = −0.13, p < 0.001	β = 0.08, p < 0.001
	Proportion of reproductive stage	β = −0.50, p < 0.001	β = 0.23, p < 0.001	β = 0.39, p < 0.001
Cooperation score	Duration of life	β = 0.18, p < 0.001	β = 0.23, p < 0.001	β = 0.11, p < 0.001
	Proportion of reproductive stage	β = 0.32, p < 0.001	β = 0.16, p < 0.001	β = −0.004, p = 0.492
Population size	Duration of life	β = 0.83, p < 0.001	β = 0.83, p < 0.001	β = 0.83, p < 0.001
	Proportion of reproductive stage	β = 0.43, p < 0.001	β = 0.43, p < 0.001	β = 0.43, p < 0.001

^*Multiple regression analysis, standardized regression coefficient β and significance value p are given.