Table 5. Relationship between helminth infection during pregnancy and mean scores of infant cognitive and gross motor function at age 1 year.
| Mean difference in ELC scores | Mean difference in gross motor scores | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude beta [95%CI] | Adjusted beta[95%CI] a | Adjusted beta[95%CI] b | Adjusted beta [95%CI] c | Adjusted beta [95%CI] d | |
| Helminth infection | |||||
| At 1st ANC visit | -4.2 [-7.6, -0.7]* | -4.3 [-7.6, -0.9]* | -4.3 [-7.7, -1.0]* | -3.9 [-7.3, -0.4]* | -4.4 [-7.9, -1.0]* |
| At 2nd ANC visit | -5.1 [-9.0, -1.1]* | -3.9 [-7.8, -0.0]* | -3.5 [-7.4, 0.3] | -2.2 [-6.1, 1.7] | -1.6 [-5.5, 2.4] |
| At delivery | -1.9 [-9.4, 5.6] | -0.2 [-7.5, 7.1] | -0.0 [-7.4, 7.4] | 5.3 [-2.0, 12.6] | 5.2 [-2.2, 12.9] |
| Hookworm | |||||
| At 1st ANC visit | -3.3[-7.1, 0.5] | -3.7 [-7.3, 0.0] | -4.0 [-7.7, -0.3]* | -4.9 [-8.6, -1.1]* | -5.5 [-9.3, -1.8]** |
| At 2nd ANC visit | -6.0 [-10.3, -1.6]** | -4.7 [-8.9, -0.5]* | -4.4 [-8.6, -0.2]* | -2.7 [-7.0, 1.5] | -2.2 [-6.5, 2.1] |
| At delivery | -1.1 [-8.9, 6.6] | 0.6 [-7.0, 8.1] | 1.1 [-6.6, 8.8] | 6.9 [-0.7, 14.5] | 7.2 [-0.6, 15.1] |
| Hookworm density at 1st ANC visit | |||||
| Not infected (ref) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Moderate (≤72, median) | -2.5 [-7.4, 2.5] | -3.2 [-8.1, 1.6] | -3.5 [-8.4, 1.4] | -5.4 [-10.3, -0.5]* | -6.5 [-11.4, -1.5]* |
| High (>72) | -4.4 [-9.9, 1.1] | -4.2 [-9.5, 1.2] | -4.6 [-9.9, 0.6] | -4.1 [-9.6, 1.2] | -4.4 [-9.7, 0.9] |
| Hookworm density at 2nd ANC visit | |||||
| Not infected (ref) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Moderate (≤72, median) | -5.2 [-10.4, 0.1] | -3.9 [-9.0, 1.2] | -3.7 [-8.9, 1.4] | -3.1 [-8.2, 2.0] | -2.6 [-7.8, 2.7] |
| High (>72) | -7.4 [-14.6, -0.2]* | -6.2 [-13.2, 0.9] | -5.7 [-12.9, 1.4] | -2.0 [-9.2, 5.2] | -2.1 [-9.3, 5.1] |
| Hookworm density at delivery | |||||
| Not infected (ref) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Moderate (≤120, median) | -2.8 [-13.3, 7.8] | -0.6 [-10.9, 9.6] | 0.1 [-10.0, 10.2] | 6.7 [-3.5, 17.0] | 8.2 [-2.1, 18.5] |
| High (>120) | 0.8 [-10.6, 12.1] | 2.0 [-9.0, 13.0] | 2.5 [-9.3, 14.4] | 7.1 [-3.9, 18.2] | 5.9 [-6.1, 18.0] |
| Occurrence of helminth infection over the course of pregnancy | |||||
| Never infected (ref) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| At least once | -4.9 [-7.8, -2.1]*** | -4.4 [-7.2, -1.5]** | -4.1 [-7.0, -1.3]** | -2.9 [-5.7, -0.0]* | -2.8 [-5.7, 0.1] |
| Malaria-helminth co-infection | |||||
| At 1st ANC visit | -4.0 [-12.1, 4.1] | -3.1 [-11.1, 4.9] | -2.2 [-10.1, 5.7] | -3.1 [-11.1, 4.9] | -2.0 [-9.9, 5.8] |
| At 2nd ANC visit e | 8.6 [-18.9, 35.2] | 9.5 [-17.2, 36.2] | 10.2 [-16.1, 36.4] | 25.3 [-2.1, 52.7] | 26.7 [-0.4, 53.8] |
Unless otherwise stated, reference group were children of women who were not infected at either 1st ANC visit, 2nd ANC visit or at delivery
ANC- Antenatal Care ref-reference category
*P-value <0.05
** P-value <0.01
*** P-value <0.001
a Adjusted for maternal education, child sex and HOME score
b Adjusted for maternal education, child sex, HOME score, preterm status and child weight-for-age
c Adjusted for maternal education, gravidity, child sex, family possessions and HOME score
d Adjusted for maternal education, gravidity, child sex, family possessions, HOME score, preterm status and child weight-for-age
e Only one assessed child had a mother with malaria-helminth co-infection at 2nd ANC visit.