. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 11.

Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Jan;16(1):137–145. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.38

Table 2.

Bivariate analyses: body weight and selected demographic, lifestyle, psychosocial and seasonal factors, by gender, Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1994–1998 (N = 572)

	Men			Women
	Coefficient	95% Confidence interval		Coefficient	95% Confidence interval
Demographic
Age (years)	−0.036	−0.174	0.101	0.012	−0.150	0.175
Ethnicity/race
Hispanic ethnicity (non-Hispanic as referent)	−0.932	−3.050	1.186	0.319	−2.201	2.839
African American (white as referent)	2.010	−1.911	5.931	−0.119	−4.292	4.054
Asian (white as referent)	0.203	−2.465	2.871	2.577	−1.597	6.751
Education
Education: high school or vocational (less than high school as referent)	0.795	−8.134	9.724	−5.320	−13.419	2.779
Education: some college or associate’s degree (less than high school as referent)	2.128	−6.452	10.709	−6.421	−14.511	1.668
Education: college or graduate degree (less than high school as referent)	−3.090	−11.556	5.376	−9.747^*	−17.710	−1.784
Lifestyle factors
Dietary intake
Daily caloric intake (kcal/day) cross-sectional effect	<0.0001	−0.003	0.003	0.005	<0.0001	0.010
Daily caloric intake (kcal/day) longitudinal effect	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001^*	<0.0001	0.001
% calories fat cross-sectional effect	0.383^*	0.116	0.650	0.568^*	0.221	0.915
% calories fat longitudinal effect	0.017	−0.004	0.038	0.025^*	0.006	0.043
% calories carbohydrates cross-sectional effect	−0.310^*	−0.534	−0.087	−0.001	−0.033	0.031
% calories carbohydrates longitudinal effect	−0.009	−0.027	0.010	0.001	−0.001	0.002
% calories protein cross-sectional effect	0.966^*	0.308	1.623	0.227	−0.525	0.978
% calories protein longitudinal effect	−0.050^*	−0.088	−0.011	−0.021	−0.054	0.012
Dietary fiber intake (g/day) cross-sectional effect	−0.204	−0.474	0.066	−0.372	−0.778	0.035
Dietary fiber intake (g/day) longitudinal effect	0.002	−0.020	0.024	−0.007	−0.032	0.018
Alcohol drinker (≥1 drink day)	0.353	−0.024	0.730	0.008	−0.401	0.417
Physical activity^a
Leisure-time physical activity (METs-h/d) cross-sectional effect	−0.918^*	−1.715	−0.121	−1.828^*	−2.888	−0.768
Leisure-time physical activity (METs-/d) longitudinal effect	−0.005	−0.046	0.035	−0.033	−0.077	0.012
Occupational physical activity (METs-h/d) cross-sectional effect	−0.074	−0.330	0.181	0.196	−0.355	0.747
Occupational physical activity (METs-h/d) longitudinal effect	−0.005	−0.027	0.016	0.003	−0.029	0.035
Household physical activity (METs-h/d) cross-sectional effect	−0.200	−0.678	0.279	0.429	−0.248	1.105
Household physical activity (METs-h/d) longitudinal effect	−0.016	−0.039	0.007	−0.010	−0.039	0.019
Total physical activity (METs-h/d) cross-sectional effect	−0.245	−0.564	0.074	−0.098	−0.793	0.598
Total physical activity (METs-h/d) longitudinal effect	−0.015	−0.036	0.006	−0.021	−0.050	0.009
Current smoker (non-smoker as referent)	−0.760^*	−1.465	−0.054	−1.016	−2.146	0.114
Psychosocial factors
Beck Anxiety Score cross-sectional effect	0.448^*	0.048	0.848	0.571^*	0.210	0.932
Beck Anxiety Score longitudinal effect	0.068^*	0.031	0.106	0.004	−0.024	0.032
Beck Depression Score cross-sectional effect	0.372^*	0.021	0.724	0.552^*	0.235	0.868
Beck Depression Score longitudinal effect	0.026	−0.013	0.064	−0.014	−0.041	0.014
Season of the year
Spring season (winter as referent)	−0.315^*	−0.573	−0.057	−0.259^*	−0.493	−0.025
Summer season (winter as referent)	−0.550^*	−0.882	−0.218	−0.372^*	−0.674	−0.071
Fall season (winter as referent)	−0.271^*	−0.531	−0.011	−0.324^*	−0.560	−0.087

METs = metabolic equivalents; i.e., one MET equals energy expenditure at rest.

P value < 0.05 for the coefficient.