TABLE 1—
Descriptive Characteristics of Facilities: Kenya Service Provision Assessment, 2010
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 560a), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Clinics (n = 323), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Hospitals (n = 237), No. (%) or Mean ±SD |
| Independent variables | |||
| Facility services | |||
| Facilities with PMTCT program | 468 (83.6) | 251 (77.7) | 217 (91.6) |
| Facilities with ART program | 272 (48.6) | 75 (23.2) | 197 (83.1) |
| Public facilities | 322 (57.5) | 172 (53.3) | 150 (63.3) |
| No. of qualified staff per facility | 15 ±54.1 | 3 ±2.9 | 32 ±80.0 |
| No. of beds per facility | 41 ±91.2 | 6 ±11.2 | 89 ±125.3 |
| Sample quality variables used in index of overall facility quality: infrastructure, pharmacy practices, HMIS, QA, infection control | |||
| Record of management team meeting observed | 300 (53.8) | 123 (38.2) | 177 (75.0) |
| Routinely carried out quality assurance activitiesb | 252 (45.2) | 94 (29.3) | 158 (66.9) |
| Record of quality assurance activities observed | 137 (24.6) | 38 (11.8) | 99 (41.9) |
| Dependent variables | |||
| Sample quality variables used in index of inputs for prenatal and postnatal care (supplies, equipment, human resources) | |||
| Guidelines for prenatal–postnatal care available | 350 (62.6) | 182 (56.3) | 168 (71.2) |
| Teaching aids for prenatal–postnatal care available | 325 (58.2) | 174 (54.0) | 151 (64.0) |
| Thermometer available | 480 (85.9) | 285 (88.2) | 195 (82.6) |
| Sample quality variables used in index of processes of prenatal and postnatal care (routinely provided services, evidence-based services) | |||
| Blood test for syphilis routinely provided | 419 (75.0) | 196 (60.9) | 223 (94.1) |
| Blood group test routinely provided | 405 (72.5) | 184 (57.1) | 221 (93.2) |
| Urine protein test routinely provided | 392 (70.1) | 181 (56.2) | 211 (89.0) |
| Sample quality variables used in index of inputs for delivery–newborns and newborn care (supplies, equipment, human resources) | |||
| Oxygen source observed | 229 (41.0) | 56 (17.3) | 173 (73.3) |
| Injectable metronidazole (antibiotic) observed | 141 (25.2) | 47 (14.6) | 94 (39.7) |
| Incubator observed | 152 (27.1) | 22 (6.8) | 130 (54.9) |
| Sample quality variables used in index of processes of delivery–newborns and newborn care (routinely provided services, evidence-based services) | |||
| Injectable antibiotics administered in past 3 mo | 270 (48.5) | 76 (23.6) | 194 (82.6) |
| Neonatal resuscitation performed in past 3 mo | 238 (43.0) | 65 (20.3) | 173 (73.9) |
| Maternal or newborn deaths or near misses reviewed | 215 (38.4) | 63 (19.5) | 152 (64.1) |
Note. ART = antiretroviral therapy; HMIS = health management information; PMTCT = prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission; QA = quality assurance. These are sample variables in facility quality index. We calculated indices of quality of care using principal-components analysis. Indicators relevant to each index were selected from the Service Provision Assessment section relevant to that index. We give 3 variables that accounted for a substantial proportion of variability as examples for each index. The full list of indicators is given in Table A (available in the supplement to the online version of this article at http://www.ajph.org).
Based on sample of facilities that offer prenatal–postnatal care.
Quality assurance is defined as formal review system or comparison of work or system to a standard.