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. 2015 Mar 11;5:8994. doi: 10.1038/srep08994

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(a) Schematic diagram of pathways for sulfation of CS. Characteristic CS disaccharide units including A, C, and E are sequentially formed under the control of CS-specific CHSTs such as C4ST-1, C4ST-2, C6ST-1, and GalNAc4S-6ST. Cooperation of C4STs and ChGns fine tunes CS production. (b–d) Expression of mRNAs encoding CHSTs (C4st1, C4st2, C6st1, or Galnac4s6st in b), ChGns (Csgalnact1 or Csgalnact2 in c), and ALP (Akp2 in d) in 24-h cultures of MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence (Estradiol) or absence (Vehicle) of estradiol (n = 3 independent experiments). Data are presented as mean ± s.d. *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001.