Figure 1.

Study design and timeline. In a first session before training (PRE), high-density sleep electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded overnight and in the morning, subjects performed the auditory n-back task (auditory n-back 1). After 3 w of visuospatial n-back training, the procedure at PRE was repeated (POST training). In a follow-up session after 2 to 5 mo, auditory n-back performance was reassessed (auditory n-back 3). To avoid overburdening the young subjects and their families, no EEG recordings took place at the follow-up session.