Meckelin and Jouberin associate in mESCs. (A) Co-immunoprecipitation experiment. Cell extracts (0.5 mg) were immunoprecipitated with 4 μg of anti-Meckelin (left) or anti-Jouberin (right) antibodies. Immunoprecipitated proteins were loaded onto a 4–12% polyacrylamide gel, blotted O/N at +4 °C and probed with anti-Jbn (left) and anti-Meckelin (right) antibodies. These results are representative of three independent experiments. (B) Control immunoprecipitation experiments by using anti-mouse and anti-rabbit IgG. Neither Meckelin nor Jouberin proteins were detected. (C) Western blot analysis showing Jouberin and Meckelin expression in whole cell extracts before immunoprecipitation. (D) A model for primary cilia-dependent neural differentiation of mESCs. In mESCs, retinoic acid induces the expression of shh which, acting through primary cilia, induces the expression of neural genes. Meckelin, playing a pivotal role in primary cilium formation and possibly in sequestering Jouberin, may have a major role in this process, allowing the activation of shh cascade and restraining the canonical wnt pathway.