Table 3.

Odds Ratios for Calcified Atherosclerosis (Calcium score >0)

Logistic Regression Models	Odds ratio	Lower CL	Upper CL	p
Model 1: Unadjusted
Epicardial fat volume (EFV)	1.005	0.999	1.012	0.1259
Model 2: includes age, gender and race
Age	1.111	1.065	1.159	<.0001
Gender (male vs. female)	3.254	1.790	5.918	0.0001
Race (Caucasian vs. Asian )	0.929	0.455	1.895	0.8388
Race (African-American vs. Asian)	0.572	0.225	1.455	0.2410
Epicardial fat volume (EFV)	0.999	0.992	1.006	0.8106
Model 3: all predictors
Age	1.117	1.058	1.179	<.0001
Gender (male vs. female)	2.205	1.042	4.664	0.0386
Race (Caucasian vs. Asian )	0.875	0.346	2.214	0.7780
Race (African-American vs. Asian)	0.441	0.131	1.488	0.1871
BMI* (obese [BMI≥30] vs. normal [BMI<25])	2.373	0.797	7.068	0.1207
BMI (overweight [BMI 25–29] vs. normal [BMI<25])	1.656	0.673	4.074	0.2718
Hypertension	2.989	1.255	7.116	0.0134
Dyslipidemia	1.036	0.466	2.301	0.9308
Family History of coronary artery disease	1.431	0.685	2.988	0.3405
Previous myocardial infarction	1.657	0.566	4.857	0.3571
Diabetes mellitus	1.206	0.539	2.698	0.6491
Smoking (current vs. never)	2.407	0.890	6.508	0.0834
Smoking (former vs. never)	1.390	0.587	3.288	0.4537
Coronary artery disease (QCA†≥50)	9.842	4.009	24.159	<.0001
Epicardial fat volume (EFV)	0.997	0.987	1.007	0.5412

Odds ratios relate to 1 unit change of EFV.

^*BMI: body mass index

^†QCA: quantitative coronary angiography