Figure 4.

Palmitate (PA) induces autophagy through the the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent pathway. Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pre-treated with or without 4-phenyl butyrate (4-PBA; 7.5 mM) for 1 h, followed by treatment with PA (0.5 mM) for 12 h. Western blot analysis was performed with antibodies to BiP and LC3. Proteins were quantified and normalized to GAPDH. Representative blots and quantifications are shown. Results are the means ± SEM of 3 to 5 separate experiments. ^*P<0.05 vs. control group (0.5% BSA); ^#P<0.05 vs. PA-treated group.