Table 2. Summary of the advantages and disadvantages of uncultured MSCs for clinical applications.

Factor	Advantage	Disadvantage
Safety	Potential of spontaneous transformation and transfer of animal pathogens [9–11] is limited by avoiding in vitro culture.	Potential carry-over of undesirable phenotypic characteristics in case of FH [57,58].
Purity	Cells are not subject to in vitro aging associated with culture expansion [8,59], therefore no or minimal loss of native phenotypic [21,60] and functional characteristics.	Currently-achieved purity levels are unlikely to be sufficient for allogeneic use.
Cost	Reduced cost due to lower regulatory burden [12] and reduced use of GMP-grade culture facilities and reagents.	Total cost is dependent on the application and the numbers of MSCs required; these may be limited by the source material.
Time	Cells are ready for use within hours and do not require a lengthy expansion period.	For autologous use extraction/enrichment procedure must fit with intraoperative time frame.