Table 1.
Metabolic pathway | Gene name | Symbol | YO | OO |
---|---|---|---|---|
OXPHOS | Cytochrome c oxidase subunit Vic | COX6C | −6.20 | −4.72 |
Glycolysis | Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 | PGK1 | −3.35 | −6.18 |
Glucose phosphate isomerase | GPI | −5.55 | −3.27 | |
Phosphofructokinase, muscle | PFKM | −0.30 | −5.42 | |
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | GAPDH | −1.96 | −4.96 | |
Glucose, lipid, oxidation, mitochondria | Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1, alpha | PPARGC1A | −4.85 | −0.65 |
TCA | Citrate synthase | CS | −1.96 | −4.96 |
ATP citrate lyase | ACLY | −3.20 | −2.01 | |
Pyruvate metabolism | Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) beta | PDHB | −2.13 | −3.03 |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 3 | PDK3 | −0.21 | 4.43 | |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 1 | PDHA1 | −2.44 | −3.57 |
Notes: Postmortem specimens from 15 brain regions19 were analyzed by microarray technology. A comparative analysis tool (GXTM Explorer v.3, Gene Logic, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA) was used to calculate potential changes in individual gene expression across the brains of young-old or oldest-old dementia subjects compared to age-matched normal neurological controls, with respect to fold changes, max t-scores (pair-wise standardized measures of gene expression change for individual transcript across all analyzed regions,39,40) and t-test P-values for each transcript. The table presents a list of energy metabolism genes with significantly altered expression across the brains of young-old and/or oldest-old dementia subjects versus normal neurological control subjects (P<0.01). Also presented are max t-scores reflecting the magnitude of change across the brain. Positive and negative t-scores reflect, respectively, up- and downregulation of genes. Maximum t-scores reflect significant gene expression difference (P<0.01) between young-old or oldest-old dementia subjects versus age-matched normal neurological controls.19,20
Abbreviations: RNA, ribonucleic acid; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; YO, young-old subjects; OO, oldest-old subjects; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.