Fig. 2.

Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals for Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus, and Plasmodium parasites in northern pintails sampled in Alaska, California, and Japan 2011–2012. Estimates were derived from top supported models. Abbreviations have been used for covariates including region (AK = Alaska, CA = California, JP = Japan), age (Juv = juvenile, Ad = adult), and sub-region (KN NWR = Koyukuk-Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge, YKD NWR = Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta National Wildlife Refuge, INWR = Izembek National Wildlife Refuge). The asterisk indicates that prevalence estimates were obtained by testing samples derived from wing muscle tissue rather than whole blood.