Table 4.

Multivariate analysis of characteristics associated with major complications following FESS

	Skull Base Complications	Orbital Complications	All Major Complications
Characteristic	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age at FESS (yrs)
≤12†	---	0.21 (0.03–1.57)	0.16 (0.02–1.23)
13–18	0.82 (0.11–6.03)	1.57 (0.58–4.27)	1.39 (0.57–3.38)
19–40	Ref	Ref	Ref
41–65	2.73 (1.51–4.93)*	1.55 (1.01–2.37)*	1.88 (1.34–2.65)*
>65	2.23 (0.96–5.19)	3.66 (1.92–6.98)*	2.99 (1.77–5.02)*
Gender
Female	Ref	Ref	Ref
Male	1.16 (0.80–1.70)	1.10 (0.82–1.49)	1.10 (0.87–1.39)
Insurance Status
Private insurance	Ref	Ref	Ref
Medicare	1.42 (0.77–2.62)	1.01 (0.58–1.77)	1.21 (0.79–1.86)
Medicaid	0.35 (0.09–1.37)	3.29 (2.11–5.11)*	2.05 (1.37–3.06)*
Image Guidance
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	0.83 (0.44–1.56)	2.10 (1.44–3.06)*	1.55 (1.12–2.13)*
Sinus operated on
Maxillary and/or ethmoid	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sphenoid ± maxillary/ethmoid	1.61 (0.90–2.89)	1.05 (0.66–1.67)	1.25 (0.88–1.78)
Frontal ± maxillary/ethmoid	2.14 (1.31–3.50)*	1.53 (1.05–2.24)*	1.70 (1.27–2.29)*
All four sinuses	1.99 (1.21–3.26)*	0.98 (0.65–1.48)	1.25 (0.91–1.71)
Procedure
Primary	Ref	Ref	Ref
First revision	1.15 (0.51–2.64)	1.20 (0.67–2.17)	1.15 (0.71–1.87)
Second revision	1.69 (0.24–12.13)	0.92 (0.13–6.68)	1.16 (0.29–4.71)

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval;

^*p < 0.05;

^†Age category ≤12 years was excluded from the model predicting skull base complications as no skull base complications were found in this group.