Table 2.
Univariable associations between sociodemographic, lifestyle risk factors and AMD.
| OR | (95% CI) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Per year increase) | 1.07 | (1.06–1.08) | <0.01 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | Ref | ||
| Female | 1.26 | (1.07–1.49) | <0.01 |
| Education | 0.07a | ||
| Less than O level | Ref | ||
| O levels | 0.78 | (0.59–1.04) | 0.09 |
| A levels | 0.77 | (0.63–0.94) | <0.01 |
| Degree or higher | 0.82 | (0.64–1.05) | 0.12 |
| Social class | 0.98 | ||
| Non-manual | Ref | ||
| Manual | 1.00 | (0.84–1.19) | 0.98 |
| Smoking | 0.32a | ||
| Current | Ref | ||
| Former | 1.39 | (0.87–2.21) | 0.17 |
| Never | 1.41 | (0.88–2.24) | 0.15 |
| Physical activity | <0.01a | ||
| Inactive | Ref | ||
| Moderately inactive | 0.78 | (0.64–0.96) | 0.02 |
| Moderately Active | 0.76 | (0.60–0.97) | 0.03 |
| Active | 0.64 | (0.50–0.83) | <0.01 |
| Alcohol intake (Per units in previous week) | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) | 0.46 |
| IMD (most affluent 5%) | 0.63 | (0.40–0.98) | 0.03 |
OR=Odds ratio, AMD = age related macular degeneration.
*P-value from Wald test for association.
a
Likelihood ratio test for significance of categorical variables.