Table 3.
Multivariable associations between area deprivation, sociodemographic, lifestyle risk factors and AMD.
| OR | (95% CI) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.07 | (1.06–1.09) | <0.01 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | Ref | ||
| Female | 1.39 | (1.16–1.66) | <0.01 |
| Education | 0.48a | ||
| Less than O level | Ref | ||
| O levels | 0.99 | (0.74–1.34) | 0.97 |
| A levels | 0.94 | (0.76–1.16) | 0.58 |
| Degree or higher | 1.14 | (0.87–1.51) | 0.34 |
| Social class | |||
| Non-manual | Ref | ||
| Manual | 1.03 | (0.85–1.24) | 0.78 |
| Smoking | 0.94a | ||
| Current | Ref | ||
| Former | 1.06 | (0.66–1.71) | 0.81 |
| Never | 1.08 | (0.67–1.74) | 0.75 |
| IMD (Most affluent 5%) | 0.56 | (0.36–0.89) | 0.02 |
*P-value from Wald test for quantitative, binary and individual levels of categorical variables; from.
AMD = age related macular degeneration IMD = index of multiple deprivation.
a
Likelihood ratio test for significance of categorical variables.