Table 1. Definitions of shipping pathways in Canada and the Great Lakes, with corresponding ballast water management requirements (modified from Casas-Monroy et al. [27]).

Pathway	Operation Region	Management Requirement	N
Arctic Coastal Domestic	GLSLR, Atlantic and Arctic regions	No exchange/flush required	13/NA
Eastern Coastal Domestic	GLSLR and Atlantic regions	No exchange/flush required	37/7
Lakers	GLSLR region and St. Lawrence Estuary (from Duluth to Sept Iles)	No exchange/flush required	87/6
Atlantic International Exempt	Atlantic region and coastal U.S. north of Cape Cod	No exchange/flush required	11/14
Pacific International Exempt	Pacific region, with last port-of-call in the coastal U.S. north of Cape Blanco	No exchange/flush required	17/23
Arctic International Transoceanic	GLSLR, Atlantic and Arctic regions and global ports outside Canada	Exchange/flush >200 nm offshore and >2000m depth prior to entering Canadian EEZ	23/22
GLSLR International Transoceanic	GLSLR region and global ports outside Canada		16/17
Atlantic International Coastal U.S.	Atlantic region and coastal U.S. (south of Cape Cod)	Exchange/flush >50 nm offshore and >500m depth prior to entering Canadian EEZ	23/23
Atlantic International Transoceanic	Atlantic region and global ports outside Canada	Exchange/flush >200 nm offshore and >2000m depth prior to entering Canadian EEZ	22/22
Pacific International Coastal U.S.	Pacific region and coastal U.S. (south of Cape Blanco)	Exchange/flush >50 nm offshore and >500m depth prior to entering Canadian EEZ	17/23
Pacific International Transoceanic	Pacific region and global ports outside Canada	Exchange/flush >200 nm offshore and >2000m depth prior to entering Canadian EEZ	23/24

GLSLR = Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River, EEZ = Exclusive Economic Zone. N = Number of samples for biological assessment of Zooplankton/Phytoplankton. NA = not assessed.