Primary systemic vasculitis |
Giant cell arteritis |
Rare |
[Chia et al. 1996; Koike et al. 2013] |
Polyarteritis nodosa |
65–85% |
[Schaublin et al. 2005; Ohyama et al. 2013b] |
Churg–Strauss syndrome |
65–80% |
[Hattori et al. 1999; Zwerina, 2008] |
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
5–50% |
[Schaublin et al. 2005; De Souza et al. 2010] |
Microscopic polyangiitis |
6–75% |
[Hattori et al. 2002; Schaublin et al. 2005] |
Cryoglobulinemia |
30–70% |
[Cacoub et al. 2008; Collins and Periquet, 2008] |
Secondary systemic vasculitis |
1. Connective tissue diseases |
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
20–27% |
[Vital et al. 2006; Servioli et al. 2007] |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
15–70% |
[Voskuyl et al. 2003; Agarwal et al. 2008; Muramatsu et al. 2008] |
Sjögren’s syndrome |
30–45% |
[Delalande et al. 2004; Terrier et al. 2007] |
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) |
5–30% |
[Dyck et al. 1997; Collins and Periquet, 2008] |
2. Others |
Infections (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV) |
5–70% |
[Said and Lacroix, 2005; Schaublin et al. 2005; Cacoub et al. 2008; Collins and Periquet, 2008, Ohyama et al. 2013b] |
Sarcoidosis |
5–10% |
[Chen and McLeod, 1989; Allen et al. 2003; Vital et al. 2008] |
Malignancy |
Rare* |
[Oh et al. 1991; Fain et al. 2007] |
Drugs |
Rare |
[Schapira et al. 2000; Thaisetthawatkul et al. 2011] |