Figure 2.

Forest plot portraying the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the association between lactate (per 1 mmol/L) and incident hypertension. Strata were sex (female or male), race (white or black), obese (<30kg/m² or ≥30kg/m²), prehypertension (no or yes; systolic blood pressure ≥120mm Hg and <140mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥80mm Hg and <90mm Hg), or diabetes (no or yes; fasting glucose ≥126mg/dl, a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes, or self-reported diabetes medication use). In general, all models were adjusted for age, sex, race–Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) center (a composite variable including both race and ARIC study center), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, log₁₀ triglycerides, prevalent coronary disease, smoking status, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting glucose, insulin, diabetes status, and physical activity index. When evaluating an interaction between strata of race, race-center variable (a composite variable including both race and ARIC study center) was replaced with a dichotomous black (yes/no) covariable. In strata of obesity, models were not adjusted for the body mass index covariable. Strata of prehypertension did not include adjustment for systolic or diastolic blood pressure. P values comparing strata were determined using interaction terms.