Table 2.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for developing incident hypertension by categorical and continuous lactate concentration by sex and overall
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n = 3,051) | |||
| Lactate quartiles, mmol/L | |||
| 0.27–0.56 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.57–0.69 | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) |
| 0.70–0.88 | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) |
| 0.89–6.16 | 1.63 (1.45–1.84) | 1.59 (1.41–1.80) | 1.37 (1.20–1.56) |
| P trend a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Per 1 mmol/L of lactate | 1.74 (1.54, 1.97) | 1.70 (1.50–1.93) | 1.43 (1.24–1.66) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Men (n = 2,503) | |||
| Lactate quartiles, mmol/L | |||
| 0.3–0.6 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.6–0.7 | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) |
| 0.7–0.9 | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) |
| 0.9–6.2 | 1.30 (1.13–1.50) | 1.26 (1.09–1.45) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) |
| P trend a | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.67 |
| Per 1 mmol/L of lactate | 1.38 (1.20, 1.59) | 1.34 (1.15–1.55) | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.72 |
| Overall (n = 5,554) | |||
| Lactate quartiles, mmol/L | |||
| 0.3–0.6 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.6–0.7 | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) |
| 0.7–0.9 | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) |
| 0.9–6.2 | 1.47 (1.34–1.61) | 1.44 (1.31–1.58) | 1.18 (1.07–1.31) |
| P trend a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Per 1 mmol/L of lactate | 1.56 (1.43, 1.71) | 1.53 (1.39–1.67) | 1.22 (1.09–1.36) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
The interaction between sexes was significant (see Figure 2 for details). Model 1 included age, sex, and race–Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities center (a composite variable of both race and ARIC study center). Model 2 included all of the variables in model 1 plus body mass index and waist circumference. Model 3 included all of the variables in model 2 plus systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, log10 triglycerides, prevalent coronary disease, smoking status, fasting glucose, insulin, diabetes status, and physical activity index.
a P value for trend evaluated using a continuous variable based on the median lactate in each quartile.