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Biofilm-enhancing effect of indole is QS independent. PAO1 (wild type [WT]) and MW1 (QS mutant lacking lasI and rhlI) cells harboring pAB1 were grown in the drip-flow chamber to form biofilms with indole treatment. WT and MW1 cells in the left column were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a buffer control, because indole was dissolved in DMSO before use. Biofilms were imaged by green fluorescence using CLSM at 40 h after inoculation. IN, 0.4 mM indole.
