Table 2.
Characteristics of the final stimuli.
| Motion metaphor | Motion literal | Auditory metaphor | Auditory literal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
| Sentence | ||||||||
| Cloze probability | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
| Familiarity (1–7 scale) | 4.03 | 1.02 | 5.19 | 1.02 | 3.84 | 1.23 | 5.24 | 0.74 |
| Imageability (1–7 scale) | 3.99 | 0.85 | 5.73 | 0.87 | 4.04 | 0.88 | 4.96 | 0.75 |
| Figurativeness (1–7 scale) | 5.47 | 0.75 | 2.20 | 0.80 | 5.35 | 0.68 | 2.30 | 0.71 |
| Valence (% positive) | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.26 |
| Valence RT (ms) | 1498 | 188 | 1512 | 195 | 1485 | 271 | 1391 | 199 |
| Pilot accuracy (%) | 0.69 | 0.22 | 0.81 | 0.20 | 0.60 | 0.23 | 0.80 | 0.20 |
| Pilot RT (ms) | 1314 | 931 | 853 | 455 | 1446 | 771 | 996 | 830 |
| # characters | 31.0 | 3.8 | 30.4 | 4.1 | 31.0 | 4.4 | 29.7 | 4.2 |
| # words | 6.1 | 0.5 | 6.0 | 0.4 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 5.9 | 0.4 |
| # content words | 3.1 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 0.4 |
| KF frequency | 79 | 100 | 72 | 95 | 60 | 82 | 90 | 146 |
| BN frequency | 78 | 96 | 76 | 163 | 75 | 147 | 96 | 150 |
| Concreteness (0–700 scale) | 421 | 63 | 433 | 52 | 441 | 66 | 418 | 63 |
| Target word | ||||||||
| #characters | 5.1 | 1.3 | (same as motion metaphor) | 5.5 | 1.6 | (same as auditory metaphor) | ||
| KF frequency | 10 | 32 | 18 | 38 | ||||
| BN frequency | 10 | 21 | 28 | 68 | ||||
| Concreteness (100–700 scale) | 451 | 52 | 457 | 62 | ||||
KF frequency = frequency value from Kučera and Francis (1967). BN frequency = SUBTLEX frequency value from Brysbaert and New (2009). Familiarity, Imageability and Valence reflect ratings of the entire sentence. Frequency and Concreteness ratings reflect the mean value of all content words in each sentence. Since concreteness ratings are based on published norms of individual words, they do not necessarily reflect the concreteness or imageability of the sentence as a whole. Valence ratings were binary; subjects rated sentences as positive or neutral/negative.