Figure 5.

Scheme of recombination channels in QDs. Middle column, initial conditions (0 V < V_G < 2 V); left column, electron accumulation (V_G > 2 V); and right column, hole accumulation (V_G < 0 V). The colors of the schematic QDs indicate an excess of electron (blue) or hole (red) trap states (E_t– and E_t+) with an effective trapping rate γ_nr. The QDs with deactivated trap states are shown in green. The relative position of the Fermi level (E_F) is defined by the gate voltage and turns numerous nonemissive QDs into QDs with more efficient trion emission (with radiative γ_rX–, γ_rX+ and nonradiative γ_nrX–, γ_nrX+ decay rates).