Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for the World Trade Center Disaster Study by Volunteerism (N=1681)*
| Baseline Variables | Entire Sample n (%) | No Helping Behavior n (%) | Helping Behavior n (%) | X2 (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| 18–44 | 880 (55.6) | 597 (54.4) | 283 (58.7) | 1.59 (.208) |
| 45+ | 801 (44.4) | 568 (45.6) | 255 (41.3) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 693 (46.2) | 486 (45.6) | 207 (47.8) | 0.42 (.514) |
| Female | 988 (53.8) | 679 (54.4) | 309 (52.2) | |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Not Married | 972 (49.7) | 693 (51.2) | 279 (45.8) | 2.53 (.112) |
| Married | 709 (50.3) | 472 (48.8) | 237 (54.2) | |
| Yearly Household Income | ||||
| Less than $40,000 | 784 (44.7) | 607 (49.8) | 177 (31.4) | 29.63 (<.001) |
| $40,000+ | 897 (55.3) | 558 (50.2) | 339 (68.6) | |
| Education | ||||
| Less Than College Grad | 906 (58.3) | 687 (63.7) | 219 (44.4) | 33.00 (<.001) |
| College Graduate | 755 (41.7) | 478 (36.3) | 297 (55.6) | |
| Church Attendance | ||||
| Less Than Once a Week | 1126 (66.1) | 782 (65.9) | 344 (66.7) | 0.05 (.820) |
| Once a Week or More | 555 (33.9) | 383 (34.1) | 172 (33.3) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 782 (43.0) | 494 (37.9) | 288 (56.3) | 10.92 (<.001) |
| African American | 422 (26.0) | 315 (28.7) | 107 (18.9) | |
| Hispanic | 367 (24.1) | 281 (26.5) | 86 (17.7) | |
| Other | 110 (7.0) | 75 (6.9) | 35 (7.1) | |
| WTCD Event Exposure | ||||
| Low/Moderate(0–2) | 1058 (68.3) | 774 (71.6) | 284 (59.7) | 14.38 (<.001) |
| High(3+) | 623 (31.7) | 391 (28.4) | 232 (40.3) | |
| Anomia | ||||
| Low (score 15 or lower) | 1176 (71.6) | 785 (67.7) | 391 (81.7) | 24.59 (<.001) |
| High (score 16 or higher) | 505 (28.4) | 380 (32.3) | 125 (18.3) | |
| Negative Life Events | ||||
| None-One | 848 (56.0) | 597 (55.9) | 251 (56.2) | 0.01 (.927) |
| Two or more | 833 (44.0) | 568 (44.1) | 265 (43.8) | |
| Lifetime Traumatic Events | ||||
| None | 466 (33.6) | 354 (37.0) | 112 (24.8) | 13.37 (<001) |
| One or more | 1215 (66.4) | 811 (63.1) | 404 (75.2) | |
| Self-Esteem | ||||
| Low (scores 1–4) | 1021 (57.2) | 712 (57.1) | 309 (57.4) | 0.01 (.933) |
| High (scores 5) | 660 (42.8) | 453 (42.9) | 207 (42.7) | |
| Social Support | ||||
| Low/Moderate | 1217 (71.6) | 866 (72.8) | 351 (68.2) | 2.27 (.132) |
| High | 464 (28.4) | 299 (27.2) | 165 (31.8) | |
| Physical Health Problems | ||||
| No | 1297 (80.6) | 870 (78.0) | 427 (87.4) | 15.19 (<.001) |
| Yes | 380 (19.4) | 292 (22.0) | 88 (12.6) | |
| Pre-WTCD MH Problems | ||||
| No | 1012 (68.8) | 744 (72.7) | 268 (58.7) | 21.38 (<001) |
| Yes | 669 (31.2) | 421 (27.3) | 248 (41.4) |
*
AII percentages are weighted, n's are unweighted.
MH-Mental Health, WTCD-World Trade Center Disaster.