TABLE 3—
Cross-Sectional Associations Between Racism and Mental Health Outcomes: Black LIFE Study, New York City, 2011–2013
| Variable | Psychological Distress, b (95% CI) | Depression, b (95% CI) | Days in Poor Mental Health, b (95% CI) |
| Everyday discrimination, baseline | |||
| Everyday discrimination | 0.55 (−0.16, 1.26) | 0.05 (−0.04, 0.13) | 1.76 (−0.10, 3.63) |
| Age | −0.06 (−0.10, −0.03) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.05) |
| Gender | 1.14 (−0.02, 2.29) | 0.12 (−0.03, 0.26) | 2.13 (−1.09, 5.35) |
| Education, y | 0.11 (−0.12, 0.33) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | −0.04 (−0.57, 0.49) |
| Neighborhood | 1.23 (−0.02, 2.48) | 0.07 (−0.10, 0.23) | −0.20 (−3.98, 3.57) |
| Financial straina | |||
| Always have enough (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sometimes do not have enough | 2.35 (0.92, 3.79) | 0.25 (0.07, 0.43) | 3.66 (−0.27, 7.58) |
| Often do not have enough | 2.38 (0.67, 4.09) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.53) | 5.34 (0.62, 10.06) |
| Daily life experiences, baseline | |||
| Daily life experiences | 0.60 (−0.16, 1.35) | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.20) | 2.08 (−0.11, 4.25) |
| Age | −0.06 (−0.10, −0.02) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.13, 0.07) |
| Gender | 1.15 (−0.10, 2.32) | 0.13 (−0.02, 0.27) | 2.25 (−1.06, 5.56) |
| Education, y | 0.10 (−0.12, 0.31) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.09 (−0.61, 0.43) |
| Neighborhood | 1.24 (0.02, 2.45) | 0.05 (−0.11, 0.21) | −0.23 (−3.91, 3.45) |
| Financial straina | |||
| Always have enough (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sometimes do not have enough | 2.30 (0.91, 3.69) | 0.24 (0.05, 0.42) | 3.44 (−0.44, 7.31) |
| Often do not have enough | 2.43 (0.75, 4.11) | 0.32 (0.12, 0.53) | 5.49 (0.73, 10.24) |
| Experiences of discrimination, baseline | |||
| Experiences of discrimination | 0.28 (0.03, 0.54) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.63 (−0.11, 1.38) |
| Age | −0.08 (−0.12, −0.03) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) | −0.07 (−0.18, 0.04) |
| Gender | 1.45 (0.25, 2.66) | 0.12 (−0.04, 0.29) | 2.79 (−0.78, 6.35) |
| Education, y | 0.07 (−0.17, 0.31) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) | −0.21 (−0.86, 0.43) |
| Neighborhood | 1.12 (−0.09, 2.42) | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.23) | 0.34 (−3.56, 4.23) |
| Financial straina | |||
| Always have enough (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sometimes do not have enough | 2.46 (0.10, 3.92) | 0.24 (0.05, 0.43) | 3.05 (−1.05, 7.15) |
| Often do not have enough | 2.26 (0.45, 4.07) | 0.34 (0.09, 0.58) | 5.13 (−0.55, 10.82) |
| Daily life experiences, 2-mo follow-up | |||
| Daily life experiences | 0.78 (−1.14, 2.71) | ||
| Age | −0.01 (−0.1094, 0.08) | ||
| Gender | 0.43 (−2.53, 3.39) | ||
| Education, y | −0.17 (−0.65, 0.30) | ||
| Neighborhood | 0.92 (−1.90, 3.73) | ||
| Financial straina | |||
| Always have enough (Ref) | 1.00 | ||
| Sometimes do not have enough | −0.69 (−4.02, 2.64) | ||
| Often do not have enough | 2.37 (−1.90, 6.64) | ||
| Everyday discrimination, 1-y follow-up | |||
| Everyday discrimination | 0.05 (−1.47, 1.57) | 0.02 (−0.12, 0.16) | 3.70 (0.58, 6.81) |
| Age | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.047) |
| Gender | 0.73 (−1.23, 2.70) | 0.12 (−0.09, 0.33) | 0.84 (−2.50, 4.18) |
| Education, y | 0.15 (−0.19, 0.43) | 0.00 (−0.05, 0.04) | −0.07 (−0.73, 0.60) |
| Neighborhood | −0.83 (−2.77, 1.11) | −0.06 (−0.28, 0.16) | 1.19 (−1.95, 4.33) |
| Financial straina | |||
| Always have enough (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sometimes do not have enough | 1.63 (−0.60, 3.86) | 0.20 (−0.03, 0.42) | 1.56 (−1.93, 5.05) |
| Often do not have enough | 3.92 (1.18, 6.65) | 0.37 (0.10, 0.64) | 6.563 (0.30, 12.83) |
| Daily life experiences, 1-y follow-up | |||
| Daily life experiences | 0.91 (−0.59, 2.40) | 0.16 (0.02, 0.29) | 2.93 (0.47, 5.39) |
| Age | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.024) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.06) |
| Gender | 0.62 (−1.35, 2.59) | 0.10 (−0.10, 0.31) | 0.76 (−2.67, 4.19) |
| Education, y | 0.09 (−0.22, 0.40) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) | −0.23 (−0.87, 0.416) |
| Neighborhood | −0.77 (−2.67, 1.13) | −0.05 (−0.26, 0.16) | 1.54 (−1.68, 4.76) |
| Financial straina | |||
| Always have enough (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sometimes do not have enough | 1.57 (−0.75, 3.88) | 0.19 (−0.05, 0.42) | 1.19 (−2.38, 4.76) |
| Often do not have enough | 3.56 (0.67, 6.45) | 0.31 (0.032, 0.58) | 6.18 (−0.08, 12.45) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; LIFE = Linking Inequality, Feelings, and the Environment.
a
Respondents were asked whether they had enough for the things they needed.