TABLE 1—
Nested Models Showing the Associations Between Predictors and Depressive Symptoms: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1994–1995
| Model 1 |
||||
| School-Only MLM | Neighborhood-Only MLM | CCMM | Model 2: CCMM | |
| Fixed-effect estimates | ||||
| Intercept (SE) | 11.2* (0.09) | 11.1* (0.08) | 10.8* (0.14) | 3.6* (0.61) |
| Individual-level predictor | ||||
| Age | … | … | … | 0.40* (0.32, 0.47) |
| Female | … | … | … | 1.97* (1.74, 2.21) |
| Public assistance | … | … | … | 1.70* (1.31, 2.09) |
| College degree (parent) | … | … | … | −1.46* (-1.72, −1.20) |
| White (Ref) | … | … | … | 1.00 |
| Black | … | … | … | 1.00* (0.66, 1.35) |
| Hispanic | … | … | … | 1.52* (1.13, 1.91) |
| Random-effect estimates | ||||
| Neighborhood (95% CI) | … | 1.84* (1.32, 2.37) | 0.45* (0.10, 0.79) | 0.19* (-0.02, 0.39) |
| School (95% CI) | 2.05* (1.5, 2.61) | … | 1.69* (1.10, 2.28) | 0.70* (0.37, 1.02) |
| Individual (95% CI) | 54.65* (53.43, 55.86) | 55.04* (53.81, 56.27) | 54.68* (53.48, 55.89) | 52.81* (51.64, 53.99) |
| Fit statistics | ||||
| Deviance information criteriona | … | … | 110 788 | 110 169 |
| Intraclass correlation coefficientb estimates, % | ||||
| Neighborhood | … | 3.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
| School | 3.6 | … | 3.0 | 1.3 |
Note. CCMM = cross-classified multilevel model; CI = credible interval; MLM = multilevel model. The sample size was n = 16 172. For fixed-effect estimates, entries are parameter estimates (b) and credible intervals. All other entries are estimates (of variance) and credible intervals.
a
A measure of model fit reported only for cross-classified multilevel models. Higher values indicate a poorer fitting model.
b
Proportion of variance in the outcome attributable to neighborhoods (after adjustment for schools) or to schools (after adjustment for neighborhoods).
*P < .05.