Figure 1.

Activation of class I PI3Ks by YxxM signaling subunits and GPCRs. Membrane receptors that activate PI3K include CD19, CD28, and NKG2D co-receptors, cytokine receptors (e.g., IL-2R), G-protein-coupled receptors (chemokine receptors), and Fcγ receptor I and III. Class IA PI3Ks are recruited to the plasma membrane through SH2 domain interactions with phosphorylated YxxM motifs. Class IB PI3Ks are recruited and activated by direct interaction with the Gβγ subunit following GPCR activation. Activated PI3K phosphorylates the membrane lipid PI(4,5)P₂ to form PI(3,4,5)P₃.