Table 2.
Association of risk factors with osteoporosis (bivariate analysis)
| Covariates | Non-osteoporosis 212 (83.1%)* | Osteoporosis 43 (16.9%)* | Bivariate
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized coefficient | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |||
| Patient profile | |||||
| Age (years) sex | 61.8 (±8.2)** | 69.8 (±7.0)** | 0.117 | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) | <0.001 |
| Male | 114 (53.8)* | 6 (14.0)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Female | 98 (46.2)* | 37 (86.0)* | 1.970 | 7.17 (2.91–17.71) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 (±3.3)** | 21.1 (±3.3)** | −0.212 | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | <0.001 |
| Cumulative alcohol intake (kg) | 227 (±423)** | 54 (±121)** | −0.003 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.015 |
| Brinkman index | 274 (±429)** | 130 (±357)** | −0.001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.048 |
| H. pylori infection status | |||||
| H. pylori infection | |||||
| Negative | 101 (47.6)* | 13 (30.2)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Positive | 69 (32.5)* | 25 (58.1)* | 1.035 | 2.81 (1.35–5.88) | 0.006 |
| Successful eradication | 42 (19.8)* | 5 (11.6)* | −0.078 | 0.92 (0.31–2.76) | 0.889 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||
| No | 181 (85.4)* | 40 (93.0)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 31 (14.6)* | 3 (7.0)* | −0.826 | 0.44 (0.13–1.50) | 0.190 |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 143 (67.5)* | 31 (72.1)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 69 (32.5)* | 12 (27.9)* | −0.22 | 0.80 (0.39–1.66) | 0.552 |
| Internal medical therapeutic agents | |||||
| Calcium channel blocker | |||||
| Non-user | 178 (84.0)* | 32 (68.3)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| User | 34 (16.0)* | 11 (25.6)* | 0.588 | 1.80 (0.83–3.91) | 0.138 |
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors | |||||
| Non-user | 174 (82.1)* | 34 (79.1)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| User | 38 (17.9)* | 9 (20.9)* | 0.192 | 1.21 (0.54–2.74) | 0.643 |
| Proton pump inhibitor | |||||
| Non-user | 154 (82.6)* | 29 (67.4)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| User | 58 (27.4)* | 14 (32.6)* | 0.248 | 1.28 (0.63–2.60) | 0.490 |
| Serum parameters | |||||
| Hb (g/dL) | 14.0 (±1.3)** | 12.9 (±1.2)** | −0.68 | 0.51 (0.38–0.67) | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.5 (±0.3)** | 9.5 (±0.4)** | −0.702 | 0.50 (0.20–1.25) | 0.138 |
| γGTP (IU/L) | 37.6 (±45.7)** | 28.5 (±19.4)** | −0.01 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.198 |
| Bone turnover markers | |||||
| BAP (U/L) | 22.0 (±6.3)** | 24.9 (±5.4)** | 0.071 | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 0.007 |
| NTX (nmolBCE/L) | 13.9 (±5.0)** | 15.2 (±5.2)** | 0.049 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 0.109 |
| Lumbar DXA | |||||
| Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 0.93 (±0.14)** | 0.64 (±0.07)** | |||
| T-score | −0.90 (±1.06)** | −3.41 (±0.68)** | |||
| Young adult mean (%) | 89.6 (±12.4)** | 62.3 (±6.5)** | |||
| Z-score | 0.31 (±1.00)** | −0.80 (±0.78)** | |||
| Upper GI findings | |||||
| Reflux esophagitis | |||||
| No | 198 (93.4)* | 42 (97.7)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 14 (6.6)* | 1 (2.3)* | −1.088 | 0.34 (0.04–2.63) | 0.299 |
| LA-grade A | 10 | 1 | |||
| Grade B | 4 | 0 | |||
| Grade C | 0 | 0 | |||
| Grade D | 0 | 0 | |||
| Hiatal hernia | |||||
| No | 107 (50.5)* | 31 (72.1)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 105 (49.5)* | 12 (27.9)* | −0.93 | 0.39 (0.19–0.81) | 0.011 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | |||||
| No | 174 (82.1)* | 32 (74.4)* | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 38 (17.9)* | 11 (25.6)* | 0.454 | 1.57 (0.73–3.40) | 0.248 |
| Endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy (EGA) | 1.9 (±1.8)** | 2.7 (±2.2)** | 0.223 | 1.25 (1.06–1.48) | 0.009 |
| C-0 | 61 (28.8)* | 11 (25.6)* | |||
| C-1 | 51 (24.1)* | 5 (11.6)* | |||
| C-2 | 33 (15.6)* | 4 (9.3)* | |||
| C-3 | 12 (5.7)* | 4 (9.3)* | |||
| O-1 | 29 (13.7)* | 8 (18.6)* | |||
| O-2 | 21 (9.9)* | 5 (11.6)* | |||
| O-3 | 5 (2.4)* | 6 (14.0)* | |||
| Questionnaire | |||||
| FSSG | 7.7 (±8.1)** | 6.9 (±6.7)** | −0.013 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | 0.578 |
Notes:
*
Number (%)
**
Median (±SD).
Abbreviations: BAP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; FSSG, Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of GERD; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux; γGTP, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; LA, Los Angeles; NTX, collagen type I cross-linked N telopeptide; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation.