Table 5.
Changes in physical assessment parameters after the daily intake of placebo or rosehip
| Group | W0 | W4 | W8 | W12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight (kg) | Placebo | 70.01±8.36 | 70.75±8.01# (0.74±1.05#) | 70.50±7.82 (0.49±1.11) | 69.75±8.30 (−0.26±1.34) |
| Rosehip | 70.31±6.19 | 70.33±6.25 (0.01±0.83*) | 69.71±6.43 (−0.60±1.21*) | 68.91±6.51## (−1.40±1.52*,##) | |
| Body fat percentage (%) | Placebo | 31.34±4.93 | 31.15±5.15 (−0.19±1.65) | 30.92±5.28 (−0.42±2.00) | 31.08±5.40 (−0.26±1.54) |
| Rosehip | 30.56±6.96 | 30.48±6.86 (−0.08±1.68) | 30.29±7.17 (−0.28±2.44) | 29.56±6.16 (−1.00±1.88) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Placebo | 26.78±1.53 | 27.06±1.38# (0.28±0.41#) | 26.97±1.36 (0.19±0.42) | 26.68±1.55 (−0.10±0.51) |
| Rosehip | 26.84±1.37 | 26.84±1.39 (0.01±0.32*) | 26.62±1.45 (−0.22±0.47*) | 26.30±1.52## (−0.54±0.59*,##) | |
| Abdominal total fat area (cm2) | Placebo | 305.35±59.45 | Not measured | 304.15±60.79 (−1.20±11.84) | 307.44±60.73 (2.09±15.51) |
| Rosehip | 286.61±44.46 | Not measured | 279.73±51.68 (−6.88±17.85) | 268.13±55.78## (−18.48±23.02**,##) | |
| Abdominal subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | Placebo | 200.39±61.95 | Not measured | 199.52±61.30 (−0.87±8.99) | 203.64±62.25 (3.24±13.42) |
| Rosehip | 197.94±56.45 | Not measured | 197.05±57.65 (−0.89±15.76) | 188.72±53.72 (−9.23±17.70*) | |
| Abdominal visceral fat area (cm2) | Placebo | 104.96±34.24 | Not measured | 104.63±37.64 (−0.33±10.05) | 103.81±32.21 (−1.15±10.15) |
| Rosehip | 88.67±36.96 | Not measured | 82.68±37.05## (−5.99±5.55##) | 79.41±34.92*,## (−9.26±10.72*,##) | |
| SBP (mm Hg) | Placebo | 132.28±17.75 | 129.63±16.48 | 131.66±18.04 | 129.53±17.31 |
| Rosehip | 137.03±20.08 | 129.25±17.05# | 132.44±15.54 | 133.28±13.03 | |
| DBP (mm Hg) | Placebo | 80.84±9.89 | 78.69±11.14 | 79.69±11.09 | 78.88±12.39 |
| Rosehip | 83.91±14.29 | 80.72±12.29 | 81.09±12.89 | 82.53±11.18 | |
| HR (bpm) | Placebo | 66.25±8.64 | 67.69±9.86 | 68.03±10.64 | 67.75±10.43 |
| Rosehip | 65.03±9.23 | 67.50±11.54 | 66.34±9.43 | 65.38±7.66 |
Notes: Values represent the mean ± SD. Figures in parentheses represent the changes from W0 for each group. There were significant differences between the groups according to the Student’s t-test or Welch’s t-test (*P<0.05; **P<0.01). In addition, there were significant differences from the W0 for each group according to the paired t-test (#P<0.05; ##P<0.01).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; W0, start of the intake; W4, 4th week; W8, 8th week; W12, 12th week.