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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 13.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Mar 1;175(3):401–407. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663

Table 3.

Association of Incident Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease with 10-year Cumulative Anticholinergic Medication Usea

TSDDb Follow-up time (person-years) Number of Events Unadjustedc,d Adjustedd,e
HR 95% CI HR 95% CI
Dementia
 0 5618 136 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference
 1-90 7704 203 0.96 0.77-1.20 0.92 0.74-1.16
 91-365 5051 172 1.31 1.04-1.65 1.19 0.94-1.51
 366-1095 2626 102 1.39 1.07-1.82 1.23 0.94-1.62
 >1095 4022 184 1.77 1.40-2.23 1.54 1.21-1.96
Alzheimer’s Disease
 0 5618 112 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference
 1-90 7704 168 0.96 0.75-1.24 0.95 0.74-1.23
 91-365 5051 128 1.21 0.93-1.58 1.15 0.88-1.51
 366-1095 2626 83 1.38 1.03-1.85 1.30 0.96-1.76
 >1095 4022 146 1.73 1.34-2.24 1.63 1.24-2.14

TSDD Total Standardized Daily Dose; HR Hazard Ratio; CI Confidence Interval; ACT Adult Changes in Thought

a

Observations with missing adjustment variables are excluded from the model (n=115; 3.3%).

b

TSDD example; the minimum effective daily dose for oxybutynin is 5 mg daily (=1 TSDD); a person would fall into the following TSDD category if they were using 5 mg daily for 45 days (TSDD 1-90); 5 mg daily for 180 days (TSDD 91-365); 5 mg daily for 720 days (TSDD 366-1095); 5 mg daily for 4 years (TSDD>1095)

c

Age adjustment via the time-axis.

d

Test for trend P value <0.001 for an association between exposure categories and each outcome

e

Adjusted for ACT cohort, age (via the time-axis), age at ACT study entry, sex, education, body mass index, current smoking, regular exercise, self-rated health, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease, Parkinson’s disease, history of depressive symptoms, and current benzodiazepine use.