Table 2.
Examples of redox-regulated protein kinases.
| Kinase | Oxidant/source* | Residue/location | Oxoform† | Effect of modification | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDGFR | NA | Cys822 (catalytic loop) Cys940 (C-terminal kinase domain) |
NA | Activation, initiates kinase activity | Lee et al., 2004 |
| EGFR | H2O2 (Nox) | Cys797 (ATP-binding site) | Sulfenic acid | Activation, facilitates EGF signaling | Paulsen et al., 2012 |
| VEGFR | H2O2 (Nox) | Cys1209 (C-terminal tail) | Disulfide (intra) | Inactivation | Kang et al., 2011 |
| Cys1199(C-terminal tail) | |||||
| IRK | H2O2 (exo) | Cys1245 (kinase domain) | Disulfide (intra) or S-glulathionylation |
Activation, promotes release of ADP from kinase domain |
Schmitt et al., 2005 |
| Cys1308 (kinase domain) | |||||
| FGFR | H2O2 (exo) | Cys488 (Gly loop in catalytic domain) | Disulfide (inter) | Inactivation | Kemble & Sun, 2009 |
| Akt | H2O2 (exo) | Cys297 (activation loop) | Disulfide (intra) | Inactivation | Huang et al., 2003 |
| Cys311 (activation loop) | Murata et al., 2003 | ||||
| H2O2 (PDGF-induced] | Cys124 (linker region) | Sulfenic acid | Inactivation, inhibits glucose uptake | Wani et al., 2011 | |
| Sty 1 (JNK yeast | H2O2 (exo) | Cys35 | Disulfide (inter) with Tpxl | Activation | Veal et al., 2004 |
| homolog) | (2 Cys-Prx yeast homolog) | ||||
| JNK | NO (NOS) | Cys116 | S-nitrosylation | Inactivation, anti-apoptotic | Park et al., 2000 |
| ASKI | NO (exo), NO (NOS) | Cys869 (kinase domain) | S-nitrosylation | Inactivation, inhibits binding to MKK3/MMK6 |
Park et al., 2004b |
| Cys22 and/or Cys30, Cys250, Cys835, Cys1052, Cys1361 |
Disulfide (inter), niultimediation | Activation, induction of apoplosis and JNK signaling |
Nadeau et al., 2007 | ||
| Nadeau el al. 2009 | |||||
| MEKK1 | H2O2 (exo) | Cys1238 (catalytic domain) | S-glutathionylation | Inactivation | Cross & Templeton. 2004 |
| MKK6 | H2O2(exo) | Cys109 | Disulfide (intra) | Inactivation, inhibits ATP binding | Diao et al., 2010 |
| Cys196 | |||||
| p38 | H2O2 (exo) | Cys119 | ND | Inactivation | Templeton et al., 2010 |
| Cys162 | |||||
| c-Src | NO (NOS) | Cys498 (C-terminal) | S-nitrosylation | Activation | Rahman et al., 2010 |
| H2O2 (L) | Cys245 | Disulfide (intra) | Activation, promotes proliferation and cell adhesion |
Giannoni et al., 2005 | |
| Cys487 | |||||
| H2O2 (exo) | Cys277 (Gly loop in catalytic domain) | Disulfide (inter) | Inactivation | Kemble & Sun, 2009 | |
| Lyn | H2O2(Nox) | Cys466 (C-terminal kinase domain) | ND | Activation, leukocyte wound attraction | Yoo et al., 2011 |
| IKK | NO (NOS) | Cys179 (IKKβ subunit) | S-nitrosylation | Inactivation, represses NF-κB | Reynaert et al., 2004 |
| H2O2 (TNFα-induced) | Cys179 (IKKβ subunit) | S-glutathionylation | Inactivation, represses NF-κB | Reynaert et al., 2006 | |
| ATM | H2O2 (exo) | Cys299l (FATC domain) | Disulfide (inter) | Activation, redox sensor | Guo et al., 2010 |
| PKM2 | H2O2 | Cys358 | Disulfide (intra) | Inactivation, generates reducing potential for ROS detoxification |
Anastasiou et al., 2011 |
*
Exo, exogenous: L, lipoxygenase: NA, not applicable.
†
Intra, intramolecular: inter, intermolecular: ND, not determined.