Cox-Maze IV lesion set. (a) Left atrial lesion set: radiofrequency ablation lines consist of bilateral pulmonary vein isolation, pulmonary vein roof and floor connecting lesions, lesion from LSPV and amputated atrial appendage, and lesion from inferior atriotomy to mitral valve annulus. (b) Right atrial lesion set: this lesion set consists of an ablation line along the SVC and IVC, ablation along the RA free wall with line to tricuspid valve annulus [8]. IVC, inferior vena cava; LSPV, left superior pulmonary vein; RA, right atrial; SVC, superior vena cava. Adapted from [8].