Figure 8. Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism of GANT61-induced apoptosis in MMe cells.

GANT61 triggers the production of mitochondrial ROS independent of Hh/Gli signaling. GANT61-induced ROS causes DNA damage and reduced DNA repair, which leads to G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Pretreatment of cells with either antioxidants or rotenone can reverse this ROS-induced apoptosis.