Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics for the study participants
| All | Boys | Girls | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1143) | (n = 563) | (n = 580) | ||
| M ± SD or % | M ± SD or % | M ± SD or % | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 0.06 |
| Ethnicity (White British) | 85.6 | 86.1 | 85.0 | 0.75 |
| Deprivation level (IMD) | 54.8 ± 16.8 | 54.4 ± 16.7 | 55.2 ± 16.9 | 0.42 |
| Social influences | ||||
| Mother smoking | 37.1 | 35.1 | 39.0 | 0.18 |
| Father smoking | 39.0 | 39.3 | 38.8 | 0.87 |
| Sibling smoking | 11.0 | 9.9 | 12.1 | 0.25 |
| Friend smoking† | 16.4 | 21.7 | 11.2 | <0.01* |
| Smoking intentions | ||||
| Total non-smoking intentions (range 4-12) | 11.7 ± 0.9 | 11.6 ± 1.0 | 11.8 ± 0.7 | 0.02* |
| Self-efficacy | ||||
| Total refusal self-efficacy (range 3-15) | 13.6 ± 3.1 | 13.4 ± 3.3 | 13.8 ± 3.0 | 0.04* |
| Attitudes towards smoking | ||||
| Smoking is bad for health (‘definitely yes’) | 88.8 | 85.4 | 92.1 | <0.01* |
| Safe to smoke year or two (‘definitely not’) | 62.6 | 62.5 | 62.8 | 0.93 |
| Difficult to quit once started (‘definitely yes’) | 50.7 | 50.4 | 51.0 | 0.84 |
| Others smoke harmful to you (‘definitely yes’) | 64.3 | 62.5 | 66.0 | 0.22 |
| Effects sports performance (‘definitely yes’) | 55.8 | 56.8 | 54.8 | 0.49 |
| Makes you gain or lose weight (‘no difference’) | 42.1 | 43.9 | 40.3 | 0.23 |
Notes: IMD, Indices of multiple deprivation score; (†) at least one friend smokes/tried. Independent t-tests and chi-square statistics were used to determine differences in means and percentages, respectively. *Significant gender difference (P < 0.05).